Sunday, August 30, 2009
Tuesday, August 25, 2009
Suicide and Depression – What to Look for and Treatment Options
Suicide is a word that most people speak in hushed tones, if they speak of it at all. There is an expression that if a person talks about suicide than they will not attempt it. People should not ignore anyone who mentions suicidal thoughts. Instead, the person who may be suicidal should be steered toward the help he or she desperately needs. A mental health professional is very capable of handling the situation.
Factors as to why a person has become suicidal can include clinical depression, drug or alcohol abuse, and a family history of depression/suicide. A person could also have someone that he or she cared about die by suicide (family/friend or celebrity) and that could trigger the thoughts. Suicide deaths are split up between the age groups.
Women are more likely to seek help for depression and suicidal thoughts whereas men are the ones who are more likely to commit suicide. There are uncertainties as to why this is. Men may be less likely to seek help from a professional before it is too late. Men are also the ones most likely to choose firearms to perform the task. Firearms are deadly no matter what. No one with a history of severe depression should have access to guns period.
Depression and suicide are thought to connect. Depression may not always lead to suicidal thoughts but the chance is always there. This is why it is imperative to get someone to a mental health professional when depression is noted. Many anti-depressants are on the market that will help a person to feel better. Unfortunately there can be many side effects. Through trial and error the doctor can find the one that works though.
Many of those who are depressed do not realize that they are. For this reason, it may be up to friends or family to take note and push an individual towards help. Notation should be made that depression is a treatable illness. This fact should be reiterated to patients so they understand this. Any medications need to be taken continuously as instructed by the doctor or a relapse can occur. Reading and researching has been found to be a great help to patients who suffer from suicidal thoughts as well as depression. Many good books can be found online or in the library.
If any of the following symptoms of depression are noticed, seek help as soon as humanly possible.
• A constant sadness
• No pleasure in anything
• Crying, feeling hopeless or constant negativity
• A decrease in energy levels
• Lack of concentration or ability to make decisions
• Sleep patterns that are disturbed (too much or too little sleep)
• Change in appetite and/or weight
Only a token few are listed. Every individual is different. This article was written as a guideline in what to look for and how to prevent depression and suicide.
Factors as to why a person has become suicidal can include clinical depression, drug or alcohol abuse, and a family history of depression/suicide. A person could also have someone that he or she cared about die by suicide (family/friend or celebrity) and that could trigger the thoughts. Suicide deaths are split up between the age groups.
Women are more likely to seek help for depression and suicidal thoughts whereas men are the ones who are more likely to commit suicide. There are uncertainties as to why this is. Men may be less likely to seek help from a professional before it is too late. Men are also the ones most likely to choose firearms to perform the task. Firearms are deadly no matter what. No one with a history of severe depression should have access to guns period.
Depression and suicide are thought to connect. Depression may not always lead to suicidal thoughts but the chance is always there. This is why it is imperative to get someone to a mental health professional when depression is noted. Many anti-depressants are on the market that will help a person to feel better. Unfortunately there can be many side effects. Through trial and error the doctor can find the one that works though.
Many of those who are depressed do not realize that they are. For this reason, it may be up to friends or family to take note and push an individual towards help. Notation should be made that depression is a treatable illness. This fact should be reiterated to patients so they understand this. Any medications need to be taken continuously as instructed by the doctor or a relapse can occur. Reading and researching has been found to be a great help to patients who suffer from suicidal thoughts as well as depression. Many good books can be found online or in the library.
If any of the following symptoms of depression are noticed, seek help as soon as humanly possible.
• A constant sadness
• No pleasure in anything
• Crying, feeling hopeless or constant negativity
• A decrease in energy levels
• Lack of concentration or ability to make decisions
• Sleep patterns that are disturbed (too much or too little sleep)
• Change in appetite and/or weight
Only a token few are listed. Every individual is different. This article was written as a guideline in what to look for and how to prevent depression and suicide.
How To Strengthen Your Eyes Naturally
Computers are hard work for the eyes, if you face it for hours, you would have these eye strain symptom: fatigue, blurred vision, headache, very few people know how to rest their eye effectively; the researchers have developed some exercises that encourage your eyes to become stronger and promote regeneration and rejuvenation of the cells, can help people change their eyes for the better
Almost all eye problems are due to mental strain and excess stress on the eyes. Learning how to relax the eye and the eye muscles is the best thing to ensure you will never need artificial lenses and, Palming is a way to help the eyes relax, naturally, it is a to rest the eyes from all light stimulation, the studies and treatments of thousands of eyes that tight muscles actually contort the eyes and restrict circulation, found that palming helps those muscles relax.
Eyes are in constant motion, even when we are sleeping, the eyes are moving around. It’s not possible to completely stop the eyes from moving because they need to stay lubricated. However, we can slow down their motion and help them relax.
In order to relax the eyes, you must first relax your mind. If your mind is running away with its thoughts, your eyes will strain to keep up. Palming helps relax the mind and the eyes all at the same time. The procedure is simple and takes less than 20 minutes, but you can do it for however long you need to.
The first step is to rub your hands together to get them nice and warm. Next, place one palm over each eye. Be sure to cup the palms so they are never directly touching the eyes or putting pressure on the eyelids. Your elbows should be resting on a hard surface, like a table or your knees.
The next step is to relax, fully relax. With your eyes closed beneath your palms, feel the muscles in your body start to relax. Start from the top of your head and slowly move down to your toes, feeling each muscle in between start to relax. The more relaxed you are, the darker the blackness your eyes see will be. At first, you may see a grayish color but as you relax that gray will become a darker and darker shade of black. The deeper the blackness, the more relax your eyes are.
You want to clear your mind of all thoughts. Forget all the lists and things that need to get done and focus solely on the darkness. If it helps, you can picture pleasant things like flowers blossoming or the waves of the ocean. Try to stay in this relaxed stage for at least 15 minutes.
Once you open your eyes again, things will be more focused. Colors, shapes, and lines will be more defined and your overall vision will be clearer.
Don’t forget Listening to what the eyes are saying and relax them when they are tire taking time out to relax, you must practice relaxation techniques until they become more natural. Take the time during the work day to relax the eyes for at least 10-15 minutes.
Improve eyesight
Almost all eye problems are due to mental strain and excess stress on the eyes. Learning how to relax the eye and the eye muscles is the best thing to ensure you will never need artificial lenses and, Palming is a way to help the eyes relax, naturally, it is a to rest the eyes from all light stimulation, the studies and treatments of thousands of eyes that tight muscles actually contort the eyes and restrict circulation, found that palming helps those muscles relax.
Eyes are in constant motion, even when we are sleeping, the eyes are moving around. It’s not possible to completely stop the eyes from moving because they need to stay lubricated. However, we can slow down their motion and help them relax.
In order to relax the eyes, you must first relax your mind. If your mind is running away with its thoughts, your eyes will strain to keep up. Palming helps relax the mind and the eyes all at the same time. The procedure is simple and takes less than 20 minutes, but you can do it for however long you need to.
The first step is to rub your hands together to get them nice and warm. Next, place one palm over each eye. Be sure to cup the palms so they are never directly touching the eyes or putting pressure on the eyelids. Your elbows should be resting on a hard surface, like a table or your knees.
The next step is to relax, fully relax. With your eyes closed beneath your palms, feel the muscles in your body start to relax. Start from the top of your head and slowly move down to your toes, feeling each muscle in between start to relax. The more relaxed you are, the darker the blackness your eyes see will be. At first, you may see a grayish color but as you relax that gray will become a darker and darker shade of black. The deeper the blackness, the more relax your eyes are.
You want to clear your mind of all thoughts. Forget all the lists and things that need to get done and focus solely on the darkness. If it helps, you can picture pleasant things like flowers blossoming or the waves of the ocean. Try to stay in this relaxed stage for at least 15 minutes.
Once you open your eyes again, things will be more focused. Colors, shapes, and lines will be more defined and your overall vision will be clearer.
Don’t forget Listening to what the eyes are saying and relax them when they are tire taking time out to relax, you must practice relaxation techniques until they become more natural. Take the time during the work day to relax the eyes for at least 10-15 minutes.
Improve eyesight
Defensive Driving - Information and Tips
The biggest difference between an average driver and a first-rate one is instruction, so by taking an defensive driving course online you can continue to be up to date with the latest road laws and arm yourself with the ability and knowledge required to anticipate driving dangers and how to stay away from them.
Are you familiar what defensive driving is?
It is a method used to significantly reduce the danger associated with driving your car or motorcycle by predicting and learning to recognize a possible hazard and adjust your driving accordingly, to adapt to the situation well before it takes place.
Becoming a student of an accredited defensive driving course online and integrating the visual training into your driving behavior it might, in due course save your life although patience, instruction and good concentration are mandatory to effectively benefit from defensive driving.
Collecting the right information and undergoing professional defensive driver training will help to reduce the likelihood of a serious or fatal accident. It could save you some money by lowering your car insurance premium and will certainly help you in passing your drivers license test.
You can now remove a traffic ticket online.
If you have not taken a defensive driving course for quite a while and are not fully up to date with the latest road laws, then it is more than likely you will receive a traffic ticket or moving violation at some point. By completing an official defensive driving course online, many courts in the United States will nowadays dismiss your ticket and clear your driving record if you have been directed by a court to attend a driving safety course.
Defensive driving tips to help you drive safely.
Give yourself enough time to adjust your driving by looking 10 - 15 seconds down the road to predict any trouble, particularly when driving in traffic conditions.
Maintain a 2 - 3 second gap to allow adequate reaction time between your car and the one in front and as your speed rises, increase the gap.
Check your rear view mirrors every 5 - 10 seconds to be conscious of cars that are sitting to close to you and if you can, accelerate or move into another lane to increase the distance between. If you have to brake suddenly and a car is too close, their reaction time is reduced and could crash into the rear of you.
To anticipate a pedestrian, child or even a dog jumping out in front of you look under parked cars for feet and be aware of what is happening on both sides of the road.
Also glance down any side streets, making sure other vehicles have seen you and will stop and give way. People pulling out of parking spots or in parked cars opening their doors are to be watched.
Are you familiar what defensive driving is?
It is a method used to significantly reduce the danger associated with driving your car or motorcycle by predicting and learning to recognize a possible hazard and adjust your driving accordingly, to adapt to the situation well before it takes place.
Becoming a student of an accredited defensive driving course online and integrating the visual training into your driving behavior it might, in due course save your life although patience, instruction and good concentration are mandatory to effectively benefit from defensive driving.
Collecting the right information and undergoing professional defensive driver training will help to reduce the likelihood of a serious or fatal accident. It could save you some money by lowering your car insurance premium and will certainly help you in passing your drivers license test.
You can now remove a traffic ticket online.
If you have not taken a defensive driving course for quite a while and are not fully up to date with the latest road laws, then it is more than likely you will receive a traffic ticket or moving violation at some point. By completing an official defensive driving course online, many courts in the United States will nowadays dismiss your ticket and clear your driving record if you have been directed by a court to attend a driving safety course.
Defensive driving tips to help you drive safely.
Give yourself enough time to adjust your driving by looking 10 - 15 seconds down the road to predict any trouble, particularly when driving in traffic conditions.
Maintain a 2 - 3 second gap to allow adequate reaction time between your car and the one in front and as your speed rises, increase the gap.
Check your rear view mirrors every 5 - 10 seconds to be conscious of cars that are sitting to close to you and if you can, accelerate or move into another lane to increase the distance between. If you have to brake suddenly and a car is too close, their reaction time is reduced and could crash into the rear of you.
To anticipate a pedestrian, child or even a dog jumping out in front of you look under parked cars for feet and be aware of what is happening on both sides of the road.
Also glance down any side streets, making sure other vehicles have seen you and will stop and give way. People pulling out of parking spots or in parked cars opening their doors are to be watched.
Reasons Your Car Might Be Overheating
The summer is a wonderful time. The heat is simply great…unless it does a number on your car. If your car is overheating, getting the issue figured out is critical. Why? Heat destroys engines and that will eventually destroy your bank account.
The internal combustion engine is a marvelous bit of engineering. Really think about what that name is describing. “Combustion” is the key word and is entirely accurate. The engine produces power to the wheels of your vehicle through small explosions. In most cases, this occurs when gasoline and air are introduced to a spark. This sets off a small explosion that pushes a piston down and that turns a shaft. These explosions happen many times a second and each produces a lot of heat. The level of heat is sufficient to melt parts of the engine if the heat is not removed. This is why any overheating problem needs to be identified and dealt with quickly.
The first step is to check the easiest thing. Wait for your car to cool down and then pop the radiator cap. Do you have sufficient coolant in the system? It sounds simple, but it is often the problem particularly on older cars. If you are low on coolant, do not simply add water. Take the car and get a full coolant change. Cooling systems require a combined water and engineered coolant mixture to function properly. Now is as good a time as any to get yours up to snuff.
The second issue to check is the water pump. A water pump that is going bad will usually let you know by sounding like a punk band playing in a blender. It isn’t pretty. If the pump seems alright, check the belt powering it for any wear issues. A belt that looks fine, can still slip so look for a soft, flat shiny surface. If none of these issues appear to be present, it is time to move to the next issue.
The thermostat is a misunderstood part of the coolant system. It is not there to cool the car. It performs the opposite function. Why would you want to heat up your engine? Well, the engine needs to be running between a certain temperature range. When you first start your car, the engine is too cold. To heat it up, the thermostat cuts down the flow of coolant through the engine. When the engine heats up, the thermostat stops restricting the flow from the radiator. Thermostats go bad occasionally, which can result in the flow of coolant being restricted. In a warmed up engine, this can easily lead to overheating. The only solution is to replace the thermostat.
The final step is to check the pressure cap on the radiator. If it malfunctions, it will let pressurized coolant escape while the car is running. This will mess up the balance of the coolant system and will definitely lead to overheating. You can just run the engine with the hood open and look for any coolant escaping. It will usually make a sound as well as the pressurized material tries to squeeze through the gap in the gasket. Fortunately, a new pressure cap costs under $20 on most cars.
If none of these issues do the trick, you need to go see a mechanic. The coolant system runs through the engine, so there could be a host of problems. Diagnosing the exact problem will require some expensive testing mechanisms, thus the need for the mechanic.
The internal combustion engine is a marvelous bit of engineering. Really think about what that name is describing. “Combustion” is the key word and is entirely accurate. The engine produces power to the wheels of your vehicle through small explosions. In most cases, this occurs when gasoline and air are introduced to a spark. This sets off a small explosion that pushes a piston down and that turns a shaft. These explosions happen many times a second and each produces a lot of heat. The level of heat is sufficient to melt parts of the engine if the heat is not removed. This is why any overheating problem needs to be identified and dealt with quickly.
The first step is to check the easiest thing. Wait for your car to cool down and then pop the radiator cap. Do you have sufficient coolant in the system? It sounds simple, but it is often the problem particularly on older cars. If you are low on coolant, do not simply add water. Take the car and get a full coolant change. Cooling systems require a combined water and engineered coolant mixture to function properly. Now is as good a time as any to get yours up to snuff.
The second issue to check is the water pump. A water pump that is going bad will usually let you know by sounding like a punk band playing in a blender. It isn’t pretty. If the pump seems alright, check the belt powering it for any wear issues. A belt that looks fine, can still slip so look for a soft, flat shiny surface. If none of these issues appear to be present, it is time to move to the next issue.
The thermostat is a misunderstood part of the coolant system. It is not there to cool the car. It performs the opposite function. Why would you want to heat up your engine? Well, the engine needs to be running between a certain temperature range. When you first start your car, the engine is too cold. To heat it up, the thermostat cuts down the flow of coolant through the engine. When the engine heats up, the thermostat stops restricting the flow from the radiator. Thermostats go bad occasionally, which can result in the flow of coolant being restricted. In a warmed up engine, this can easily lead to overheating. The only solution is to replace the thermostat.
The final step is to check the pressure cap on the radiator. If it malfunctions, it will let pressurized coolant escape while the car is running. This will mess up the balance of the coolant system and will definitely lead to overheating. You can just run the engine with the hood open and look for any coolant escaping. It will usually make a sound as well as the pressurized material tries to squeeze through the gap in the gasket. Fortunately, a new pressure cap costs under $20 on most cars.
If none of these issues do the trick, you need to go see a mechanic. The coolant system runs through the engine, so there could be a host of problems. Diagnosing the exact problem will require some expensive testing mechanisms, thus the need for the mechanic.
FREE INTERNET BROWSING ON YOUR LAPTOP
Interested in Surfing the Internet Free of Charge?
Are you tired of paying money to browse at cybercafe?
Are you in need of Internet Facility at your door steps and in the comfort of your bed?
Then you are at the right place and at the right time!!!
Here, i would show a step by step process that you can use to surf the internet with your MTN SIM card FREE OF CHARGE!!!
So, let's get started!!!
It's quite lengthy but its worth browsing free. Take your time to study it and you will be glad you did.
Install Nokia PC Suite into your system and connect your mobile phone to the laptop using the PC Suite Software.
You will need to Download Freedom Software at www.your-freedom.net You must first register with them before you can download and make use of the software. Always download the latest version of the freedom software.
The next software you will need is called OPEN VPN GUI would you can search for at www.google.com
Install Both Freedom and Open VPN into your system
Now, the Configuration Process:
Physically connect your phone to your laptop using your USB cable. Make sure you have no money in your sim card.
Run NOKIA PC SUITE and get your phone connected.
Run OPEN VPN GUI
Open Freedom Software.
Click on the Ports Tab and Check all the Box
Click On Application Tab and Check all the boxes too
Click on Status Tab
Click on Configure
In the Address Box, enter (ems18.your-freedom.de)
Change the Connection Mode to UDP
Tick the First Three Boxes under the Connection Mode, leave the fourth unticked. Tick the next three boxes and leave the last unticked.
Minimum Buffer Size should be 1500
Initial Post Size should be 1000000
Minimum Post Size should be 20000
FTP Mode should be (both)
Click on the Account Information Tab: Enter in the user name and password that you used to sign up at the Freedom website.
Click on Proxy Settings Tab
In the proxy address box, enter in (81.93.186.116)
In the proxy port box, enter in (80)
Click on Save and Exit
Before you click on Start Connection, you would need to configure your browser. I would recommend you get Mozilla Fire Fox or Opera 10 Turbo. You can still use Internet Explorer.
Here is the Settings for Mozilla Fire Fox Web Browser:
Click On Tools>Options>Advanced>Network>Tick Manual Proxy Configurations>In the HTTP Proxy, Enter in 127.0.0.1 and port 8080.
Tick the SOCKS 4, Tick the Box, Use Proxy for all Protocols.
In the (No Proxy For) Box, enter in (localhost, 127.0.0.1).
Click on OK
Click on Start Connection on your Freedom Software. When the door opens, you can now go to your browser and enter the site you wish to go.
If you encounter any challenges, feel free to drop your comments and questions in the comments box.
Are you tired of paying money to browse at cybercafe?
Are you in need of Internet Facility at your door steps and in the comfort of your bed?
Then you are at the right place and at the right time!!!
Here, i would show a step by step process that you can use to surf the internet with your MTN SIM card FREE OF CHARGE!!!
So, let's get started!!!
It's quite lengthy but its worth browsing free. Take your time to study it and you will be glad you did.
Install Nokia PC Suite into your system and connect your mobile phone to the laptop using the PC Suite Software.
You will need to Download Freedom Software at www.your-freedom.net You must first register with them before you can download and make use of the software. Always download the latest version of the freedom software.
The next software you will need is called OPEN VPN GUI would you can search for at www.google.com
Install Both Freedom and Open VPN into your system
Now, the Configuration Process:
Physically connect your phone to your laptop using your USB cable. Make sure you have no money in your sim card.
Run NOKIA PC SUITE and get your phone connected.
Run OPEN VPN GUI
Open Freedom Software.
Click on the Ports Tab and Check all the Box
Click On Application Tab and Check all the boxes too
Click on Status Tab
Click on Configure
In the Address Box, enter (ems18.your-freedom.de)
Change the Connection Mode to UDP
Tick the First Three Boxes under the Connection Mode, leave the fourth unticked. Tick the next three boxes and leave the last unticked.
Minimum Buffer Size should be 1500
Initial Post Size should be 1000000
Minimum Post Size should be 20000
FTP Mode should be (both)
Click on the Account Information Tab: Enter in the user name and password that you used to sign up at the Freedom website.
Click on Proxy Settings Tab
In the proxy address box, enter in (81.93.186.116)
In the proxy port box, enter in (80)
Click on Save and Exit
Before you click on Start Connection, you would need to configure your browser. I would recommend you get Mozilla Fire Fox or Opera 10 Turbo. You can still use Internet Explorer.
Here is the Settings for Mozilla Fire Fox Web Browser:
Click On Tools>Options>Advanced>Network>Tick Manual Proxy Configurations>In the HTTP Proxy, Enter in 127.0.0.1 and port 8080.
Tick the SOCKS 4, Tick the Box, Use Proxy for all Protocols.
In the (No Proxy For) Box, enter in (localhost, 127.0.0.1).
Click on OK
Click on Start Connection on your Freedom Software. When the door opens, you can now go to your browser and enter the site you wish to go.
If you encounter any challenges, feel free to drop your comments and questions in the comments box.
Sunday, August 23, 2009
Understanding Internet Security Threats
Understanding The Internet Security Threats That Are Commonly Introduced Into The Wild Internet
When we are surfing the internet at home or at the office, the computer is exposed to the wild internet where many types of threats might cause the computer to function incorrectly. Unlike a large scale network infrastructure of a corporate that has proper information security management, your computers at home might be vulnerable to the threats.
Definitions of Programmed Threats
Computers are designed to execute instructions one after another. These instructions usually do something useful—calculate values, maintain databases, and communicate with users and with other systems. Sometimes, however, the instructions executed can be damaging or malicious in nature. When the damage happens by accident, we call the code involved a software bug. Bugs are perhaps the most common cause of unexpected program behavior.
But if the source of the damaging instructions is an individual who intended that the abnormal behavior occur, we call the instructions malicious code, or a programmed threat. Some people use the term malware to describe malicious software.
There are many different kinds of programmed threats. Experts classify threats by the way they behave, how they are triggered, and how they spread. In recent years, occurrences of these programmed threats have been described almost uniformly by the media as computer viruses and (in the more technical media) worms. However, viruses and worms make up only a small fraction of the malicious code that has been devised. Saying that all programmed data loss is caused by viruses is as inaccurate as saying that all human diseases are caused by viruses.
Experts who work in this area have formal definitions of all of these types of software. However, not all the experts agree on common definitions. Thus, we'll consider the following practical definitions of malicious software:
Security tools and toolkits
Usually designed to be used by security professionals to protect their sites, these can also be used by unauthorized individuals to probe for weaknesses. rootkits are a special case: these are prepackaged attack toolkits that also install back doors into your system once they have penetrated superuser account security.
Back doors
Sometimes called trap doors, these allow unauthorized access to your system. Back doors , also called trap doors, are pieces of code written into applications or operating systems to grant programmers access to programs without requiring them to go through the normal methods of access authentication. Back doors and trap doors have been around for many years. They're typically written by application programmers who need a means of debugging or monitoring code that they are developing.
Most back doors are inserted into applications that require lengthy authentication procedures or long setups requiring a user to enter many different values to run the application. When debugging the program, the developer may wish to gain special privileges or avoid all the necessary setup and authentication steps. The programmer also may want to ensure that there is a method of activating the program should something go wrong with the authentication procedure that is being built into the application. The back door is code that either recognizes some special sequence of input, or is triggered by being run from a certain user ID. It then grants special access.
Back doors become threats when they're used by unscrupulous programmers to gain unauthorized access. They are also a problem when the initial application developer forgets to remove a back door after the system has been debugged and some other individual discovers the door's existence.
Logic bombs
Hidden features in programs that go off after certain conditions are met. Logic bombs are programmed threats that lie dormant in commonly used software for an extended period of time until they are triggered, at which point, they perform a function that is not the intended function of the program in which they are contained. Logic bombs usually are embedded in programs by software developers who have legitimate access to the system.
Trojan horses
Programs that appear to have one function but actually perform another function (like the Greek horse that was given to the city of Troy near the end of the Trojan War—a horse that appeared to be an idol, but was actually a troop carrier). Analogous to their namesake, modern-day Trojan horses resemble a program that the user wishes to run—e.g., login, a game, a spreadsheet, or an editor. While the program appears to be doing what the user wants, it actually is doing something else unrelated to its advertised purpose, and without the user's knowledge. For example, the user may think that the program is a game. While it is printing messages about initializing databases and asking questions such as "What do you want to name your player?" and "What level of difficulty do you want to play?", the program may actually be deleting files, reformatting a disk, or posting confidential documents to a web site in Argentina. All the user sees, until it's too late, is the interface of a program that the user is trying to run. Trojan horses are, unfortunately, sometimes used as jokes within some environments. They are often planted as cruel tricks on hacker web sites and circulated among individuals as shared software.
Viruses
A true virus is a sequence of code that is inserted into other executable code so that when the regular program is run, the viral code is also executed. The viral code causes a copy of itself to be inserted in one or more other programs. Viruses are not distinct programs—they cannot run on their own, and some host program, of which they are a part, must be executed to activate them.
Worms.
Worms are Programs that propagate from computer to computer on a network, without necessarily modifying other programs on the target machines. Worms are programs that can run independently and travel from machine to machine across network connections; worms may have portions of themselves running on many different machines. They do not change other programs, although they may carry other code that does (for example, a true virus).
When we are surfing the internet at home or at the office, the computer is exposed to the wild internet where many types of threats might cause the computer to function incorrectly. Unlike a large scale network infrastructure of a corporate that has proper information security management, your computers at home might be vulnerable to the threats.
Definitions of Programmed Threats
Computers are designed to execute instructions one after another. These instructions usually do something useful—calculate values, maintain databases, and communicate with users and with other systems. Sometimes, however, the instructions executed can be damaging or malicious in nature. When the damage happens by accident, we call the code involved a software bug. Bugs are perhaps the most common cause of unexpected program behavior.
But if the source of the damaging instructions is an individual who intended that the abnormal behavior occur, we call the instructions malicious code, or a programmed threat. Some people use the term malware to describe malicious software.
There are many different kinds of programmed threats. Experts classify threats by the way they behave, how they are triggered, and how they spread. In recent years, occurrences of these programmed threats have been described almost uniformly by the media as computer viruses and (in the more technical media) worms. However, viruses and worms make up only a small fraction of the malicious code that has been devised. Saying that all programmed data loss is caused by viruses is as inaccurate as saying that all human diseases are caused by viruses.
Experts who work in this area have formal definitions of all of these types of software. However, not all the experts agree on common definitions. Thus, we'll consider the following practical definitions of malicious software:
Security tools and toolkits
Usually designed to be used by security professionals to protect their sites, these can also be used by unauthorized individuals to probe for weaknesses. rootkits are a special case: these are prepackaged attack toolkits that also install back doors into your system once they have penetrated superuser account security.
Back doors
Sometimes called trap doors, these allow unauthorized access to your system. Back doors , also called trap doors, are pieces of code written into applications or operating systems to grant programmers access to programs without requiring them to go through the normal methods of access authentication. Back doors and trap doors have been around for many years. They're typically written by application programmers who need a means of debugging or monitoring code that they are developing.
Most back doors are inserted into applications that require lengthy authentication procedures or long setups requiring a user to enter many different values to run the application. When debugging the program, the developer may wish to gain special privileges or avoid all the necessary setup and authentication steps. The programmer also may want to ensure that there is a method of activating the program should something go wrong with the authentication procedure that is being built into the application. The back door is code that either recognizes some special sequence of input, or is triggered by being run from a certain user ID. It then grants special access.
Back doors become threats when they're used by unscrupulous programmers to gain unauthorized access. They are also a problem when the initial application developer forgets to remove a back door after the system has been debugged and some other individual discovers the door's existence.
Logic bombs
Hidden features in programs that go off after certain conditions are met. Logic bombs are programmed threats that lie dormant in commonly used software for an extended period of time until they are triggered, at which point, they perform a function that is not the intended function of the program in which they are contained. Logic bombs usually are embedded in programs by software developers who have legitimate access to the system.
Trojan horses
Programs that appear to have one function but actually perform another function (like the Greek horse that was given to the city of Troy near the end of the Trojan War—a horse that appeared to be an idol, but was actually a troop carrier). Analogous to their namesake, modern-day Trojan horses resemble a program that the user wishes to run—e.g., login, a game, a spreadsheet, or an editor. While the program appears to be doing what the user wants, it actually is doing something else unrelated to its advertised purpose, and without the user's knowledge. For example, the user may think that the program is a game. While it is printing messages about initializing databases and asking questions such as "What do you want to name your player?" and "What level of difficulty do you want to play?", the program may actually be deleting files, reformatting a disk, or posting confidential documents to a web site in Argentina. All the user sees, until it's too late, is the interface of a program that the user is trying to run. Trojan horses are, unfortunately, sometimes used as jokes within some environments. They are often planted as cruel tricks on hacker web sites and circulated among individuals as shared software.
Viruses
A true virus is a sequence of code that is inserted into other executable code so that when the regular program is run, the viral code is also executed. The viral code causes a copy of itself to be inserted in one or more other programs. Viruses are not distinct programs—they cannot run on their own, and some host program, of which they are a part, must be executed to activate them.
Worms.
Worms are Programs that propagate from computer to computer on a network, without necessarily modifying other programs on the target machines. Worms are programs that can run independently and travel from machine to machine across network connections; worms may have portions of themselves running on many different machines. They do not change other programs, although they may carry other code that does (for example, a true virus).
CAKE DECORATION IS FUN, FUN, FUN!!!
It is very rare to find celebrations without cakes, in all shapes and sizes. Whoever invented cake surely got a tasty creation.
Kids love to have cakes on their birthdays; in fact, they love it all year long. In anniversaries and formal parties, cakes are always part of the menu. Promotional parties, new store openings, or holiday celebrations - cakes makes it even special. And of course, let's not forget wedding cakes. Yes, it is in fact one of the important details in weddings. Soon to be bride allot special time for cake tasting to make sure that the cake will taste exactly how they wanted it and designed exactly how they pictured it.
If you have certain diet plans, do not worry. There are cakes made from certain vegetables, some are even sugar free. Or, you can eat at least one bite and it won't surely ruin your diet.
Many people have come a long way in their passion for cakes. Cakes are not only fun to eat but fun to bake and decorate as well. Let's skip the baking part or else we will be talking whole day about the different recipes and ingredients and the measurements. Let's go right away to cake decorating.
Cake decorating, as the term suggests it, has something to do with making your cake look more attractive, delicious and irresistible. The cake's decoration makes the first impression so we want to make sure we set the mood and stir excitement from our guests before they actually eat it.
Cake decorating is an art. Most people see it as a hobby, well, true but this is not an ordinary hobby. With little supervision and guidance from several cake decorating tips available, cake decorating can bring you far. It can make your family happy, you can make other people happy when you give them cakes too, and it can makes you happy as well; the feeling of satisfaction and fulfilment is great after making such a wonderful art.
Cake decorating ideas are actually products of your creative imagination. With little patience, you can always learn different decorating tips. Like all other things we need to learn in life, cake decorating is fun and challenging. Crumbs will be your number one enemy. You can always read on to see how to eliminate crumbs.
One good thing about making and decorating cake is that it gives you control over your cake. You can always add personal touches and you can choose the design and flavour. Plus, cake decorating can also be a stress reliever. It is a self nurturing task, it can divert your attention from your worries, and it gives high feelings of fulfillment.
This is surely one tasty hobby.
Kids love to have cakes on their birthdays; in fact, they love it all year long. In anniversaries and formal parties, cakes are always part of the menu. Promotional parties, new store openings, or holiday celebrations - cakes makes it even special. And of course, let's not forget wedding cakes. Yes, it is in fact one of the important details in weddings. Soon to be bride allot special time for cake tasting to make sure that the cake will taste exactly how they wanted it and designed exactly how they pictured it.
If you have certain diet plans, do not worry. There are cakes made from certain vegetables, some are even sugar free. Or, you can eat at least one bite and it won't surely ruin your diet.
Many people have come a long way in their passion for cakes. Cakes are not only fun to eat but fun to bake and decorate as well. Let's skip the baking part or else we will be talking whole day about the different recipes and ingredients and the measurements. Let's go right away to cake decorating.
Cake decorating, as the term suggests it, has something to do with making your cake look more attractive, delicious and irresistible. The cake's decoration makes the first impression so we want to make sure we set the mood and stir excitement from our guests before they actually eat it.
Cake decorating is an art. Most people see it as a hobby, well, true but this is not an ordinary hobby. With little supervision and guidance from several cake decorating tips available, cake decorating can bring you far. It can make your family happy, you can make other people happy when you give them cakes too, and it can makes you happy as well; the feeling of satisfaction and fulfilment is great after making such a wonderful art.
Cake decorating ideas are actually products of your creative imagination. With little patience, you can always learn different decorating tips. Like all other things we need to learn in life, cake decorating is fun and challenging. Crumbs will be your number one enemy. You can always read on to see how to eliminate crumbs.
One good thing about making and decorating cake is that it gives you control over your cake. You can always add personal touches and you can choose the design and flavour. Plus, cake decorating can also be a stress reliever. It is a self nurturing task, it can divert your attention from your worries, and it gives high feelings of fulfillment.
This is surely one tasty hobby.
Inexpensive Way To get Traffic to Your Website
If you have an online business, your main concern is generating traffic to your site. It is true that there are a lot of ways to do that; but if you want to have traffic fast and easy, you can surely get it through traffic exchange, which is also considered as one of the most cost efficient way to direct traffic to sites or web pages.
How could an inexpensive program drive traffic fast?
Traffic exchange has a membership system that allows online business owners and webmasters to join and add their sites or web pages and drive traffic to them. If you are one of these people, then traffic exchange would surely help you out in getting your desired traffic. There are lots of traffic exchanges nowadays and most of them have both free and paid membership. If you want to give it a try without spending just to be a member, all you need to do is to just sign up for it and add your own site or web page.
Once a member, you can start surfing sites within the program. You need to do this in order to earn credits, which you gain for every page viewed. These credits are the amount that you will need to assign to your own sites or pages. They represent the amount of traffic that you are generating towards your business. Therefore, you can control how huge the traffic you want to direct to your sites must be. If you want to have a large amount of traffic, then you simply need to give more time surfing; and you will be driving traffic to your sites or pages without any membership fee.
To be sure that real people are surfing sites within the program, you will need to click on a specific icon or button within the page that you are viewing in order to be given the credit assigned to the page. You must be very careful because you will not earn the credit if you click on the wrong one. Do not worry because it is very easy to understand. If you are into online business or creating web sites, then you will not have a problem with it.
Aside from surfing sites within the program, there are other ways in order to earn credits in traffic exchange. They have the referral or downline system where you get bonus credits for every referral or downline. This ranges from 100 to 500 credits, depending on the program. You even get a percentage of the credits your downlines earn from surfing other sites within the program, which could be up to 15 percent. So, you can possibly stop surfing and keep on directing traffic to your sites in the future just because of your downlines.
Yes, this is real. It is this easy to get traffic through traffic exchange. However, just like any other internet marketing tool, you need to give enough time and effort to get your desired results. They even have more benefits awaiting you. Sign up for free to experience it.
How could an inexpensive program drive traffic fast?
Traffic exchange has a membership system that allows online business owners and webmasters to join and add their sites or web pages and drive traffic to them. If you are one of these people, then traffic exchange would surely help you out in getting your desired traffic. There are lots of traffic exchanges nowadays and most of them have both free and paid membership. If you want to give it a try without spending just to be a member, all you need to do is to just sign up for it and add your own site or web page.
Once a member, you can start surfing sites within the program. You need to do this in order to earn credits, which you gain for every page viewed. These credits are the amount that you will need to assign to your own sites or pages. They represent the amount of traffic that you are generating towards your business. Therefore, you can control how huge the traffic you want to direct to your sites must be. If you want to have a large amount of traffic, then you simply need to give more time surfing; and you will be driving traffic to your sites or pages without any membership fee.
To be sure that real people are surfing sites within the program, you will need to click on a specific icon or button within the page that you are viewing in order to be given the credit assigned to the page. You must be very careful because you will not earn the credit if you click on the wrong one. Do not worry because it is very easy to understand. If you are into online business or creating web sites, then you will not have a problem with it.
Aside from surfing sites within the program, there are other ways in order to earn credits in traffic exchange. They have the referral or downline system where you get bonus credits for every referral or downline. This ranges from 100 to 500 credits, depending on the program. You even get a percentage of the credits your downlines earn from surfing other sites within the program, which could be up to 15 percent. So, you can possibly stop surfing and keep on directing traffic to your sites in the future just because of your downlines.
Yes, this is real. It is this easy to get traffic through traffic exchange. However, just like any other internet marketing tool, you need to give enough time and effort to get your desired results. They even have more benefits awaiting you. Sign up for free to experience it.
Thursday, August 20, 2009
FREE INTERNET BROWSING ON YOUR PHONE
This is for people using MTN Nigeria Network. To browse free on your phone, you'll need to first activate GPRS services on your phone. This settings is for Nokia Series 60 phones: N-series, E-series, any Nokia phone with a distinct logo and button for the menu option.
Get a browsing application called Opera 2.06 or Mopera or Solibay at www.sharemobile.ro
Download it and send it into your phone
Create an Access Point in your phone with the following details:
Connection Name: MTN
Data Bearer:Packet Data
Access Point Name: web.gprs.mtnnigeria.net
User Name: web
Password: web
Prompt Password: No
Authentication: Normal
Home Page: wap.mtnonline.com
Press Options and Select Advanced Settings
Proxy Server Address: 81.93.186.118
Proxy Port Number: 80
You are 50% Complete to start browsing free!!!
Open the Opera Application, press #8, Scroll down to network
In the opera mini server box, enter in wap.mtnonline.com/lnk000/80.232.117.10:80
Type in the website you wish to go in the address bar.
If you are browsing for the first time, an error would come up saying (Info, Please Repeat Inquiry).
Don't worry at that, just type in the website again and browse for free.
IT HAS BEEN TESTED, TRUSTED AND CONFIRMED. (T.T.C.)
If you are in need of more free browsing cheat, please drop your comments and questions and I would be glad to answer.
Get a browsing application called Opera 2.06 or Mopera or Solibay at www.sharemobile.ro
Download it and send it into your phone
Create an Access Point in your phone with the following details:
Connection Name: MTN
Data Bearer:Packet Data
Access Point Name: web.gprs.mtnnigeria.net
User Name: web
Password: web
Prompt Password: No
Authentication: Normal
Home Page: wap.mtnonline.com
Press Options and Select Advanced Settings
Proxy Server Address: 81.93.186.118
Proxy Port Number: 80
You are 50% Complete to start browsing free!!!
Open the Opera Application, press #8, Scroll down to network
In the opera mini server box, enter in wap.mtnonline.com/lnk000/80.232.117.10:80
Type in the website you wish to go in the address bar.
If you are browsing for the first time, an error would come up saying (Info, Please Repeat Inquiry).
Don't worry at that, just type in the website again and browse for free.
IT HAS BEEN TESTED, TRUSTED AND CONFIRMED. (T.T.C.)
If you are in need of more free browsing cheat, please drop your comments and questions and I would be glad to answer.
Wednesday, August 19, 2009
30 Seconds Workout
Do you see those commercials for new exercise routines that guarantee flat abs in 8 minutes a day or some other crazy claim?
I have no doubts that if you start exercising 8 minutes a day--when you didn't exercise before, that you will see improvements in your physical fitness.
However, it won't be long before the 8 minutes won't be enough for you.
I recently started an exercise program that involves workouts 6 days a week with one day of workout. They keep saying in the video, anyone can do an exercise for 30 seconds. That's right. In 30 seconds you can probably do just about any exercise, even if it's modified. But the catch is.....
There are about 30 of these 30 second exercises. But if you start each exercise with the thought that it is only going to be for 30 seconds, it really does help get you thru the workout.
Of course towards the end of each workout, when you are totally exhausted, you might not be able to do the exercise at all.
Today I did the plyometrics workout of P90x. I think this is the hardest workout. I really struggled with it the very first time I tried it out. The next 3 times I did the plyometrics exercise I was able to do more and more. It just takes time to build up endurance and muscle strength.
After being off the program for several weeks, it is very hard to get back into it. But I am taking it one day at a time--don't think about whatever hard workout there is for tomorrow. Just think about the fact that I completed one more day of the rigorous program. See more weight loss programs
What is Prostate Hyperplasia
Virtually every man over the age of 60 will have one of the numerous conditions that affect the prostate gland. Unfortunately many of the conditions exhibit only mild symptoms until they are well developed and so you may not even realise you have a problem.
One of the conditions that affects many men is Prostatic hyperplasia, also known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). This is common in men over the age of 50 and although it isn't cancerous, it can cause the same prostate symptoms as prostate cancer. Prostate hyperplasia is present in around 90% of men over the age of 80 however unless it causes the prostate gland to become grossly enlarged the symptoms are relatively mild and attributed to the rigors of old age.
The cause of prostate hyperplasia is not accurately known however it is thought by many researchers and oncologists to be a hormone derived condition. The male hormone testosterone is converted to a secondary hormone called dihydrotestosterone naturally in the body and when this secondary hormone binds with specific receptors in the tissues of the prostate gland, cellular growth and division becomes over-stimulated. Thus the prostate gland becomes enlarged so producing prostate hyperplasia.
Certain families of drugs can be used to reduce the amount of testosterone in the body or to stop the available testosterone from binding with the receptors in the prostate gland. This acts to stop prostate hyperplasia from developing further and may even reduce the size of the prostate gland over time. Unfortunately drug therapy for prostate hyperplasia is an ongoing therapy and if diagnosed with the condition you will be required to take drugs daily for the rest of your life.
The symptoms of prostate hyperplasia are very similar to those of prostate cancer and so if you notice any of the following symptoms you should visit your family doctor straight away.
* Difficulty urinating
* Urinary leakage
* Pain when urinating
* A feeling of urgency to urinate
* Increased night time urination
* Any other problems associated with urinating
As mentioned above prostate hyperplasia can easily be controlled and treated with simple drug regimes however if the symptoms are due to cancer then more severe treatment will be required. Don't automatically think that a diagnosis of prostate hyperplasia means that cancer is the next step because it isn't. Admittedly some cases of prostate hyperplasia do progress and become cancerous but with early and continued treatment the condition can be effectively controlled and enlargement of the prostate gland can often be reduced.
One of the conditions that affects many men is Prostatic hyperplasia, also known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). This is common in men over the age of 50 and although it isn't cancerous, it can cause the same prostate symptoms as prostate cancer. Prostate hyperplasia is present in around 90% of men over the age of 80 however unless it causes the prostate gland to become grossly enlarged the symptoms are relatively mild and attributed to the rigors of old age.
The cause of prostate hyperplasia is not accurately known however it is thought by many researchers and oncologists to be a hormone derived condition. The male hormone testosterone is converted to a secondary hormone called dihydrotestosterone naturally in the body and when this secondary hormone binds with specific receptors in the tissues of the prostate gland, cellular growth and division becomes over-stimulated. Thus the prostate gland becomes enlarged so producing prostate hyperplasia.
Certain families of drugs can be used to reduce the amount of testosterone in the body or to stop the available testosterone from binding with the receptors in the prostate gland. This acts to stop prostate hyperplasia from developing further and may even reduce the size of the prostate gland over time. Unfortunately drug therapy for prostate hyperplasia is an ongoing therapy and if diagnosed with the condition you will be required to take drugs daily for the rest of your life.
The symptoms of prostate hyperplasia are very similar to those of prostate cancer and so if you notice any of the following symptoms you should visit your family doctor straight away.
* Difficulty urinating
* Urinary leakage
* Pain when urinating
* A feeling of urgency to urinate
* Increased night time urination
* Any other problems associated with urinating
As mentioned above prostate hyperplasia can easily be controlled and treated with simple drug regimes however if the symptoms are due to cancer then more severe treatment will be required. Don't automatically think that a diagnosis of prostate hyperplasia means that cancer is the next step because it isn't. Admittedly some cases of prostate hyperplasia do progress and become cancerous but with early and continued treatment the condition can be effectively controlled and enlargement of the prostate gland can often be reduced.
NANOTECHONOLOGY TREATMENT OF CANCER
Abstract:
The credential part of this paper gives the theoretical application of nanodevices in the treatment of cancer. The latest technology for the treatment cancer is the chemotherapic treatment in which drugs of specific composition is given to the patients depending on the biopsy of the tumor from the patient. The main disadvantage of using chemotherapy is that the drug used is not so specific and hence it causes damage to the surrounding healthy cells. It uses MAb, the monoclonal antibodies to locate the affected areas. To make the treatment more specific, we use the nanodevices that use nanosensors to be more specific in application of chemotherapy to the malignant tumors, thereby increasing the safety in usage of chemotherapic drugs. Also the use of biomotors in the nanodevices increases the oxygen content in the surrounding that decreases the hypoxia environment. paper is only a theoretical analysis given and all the information provided are specifically organized by us with help from a cancer patient, her doctor and a microbiology student. We sincerely thank them for their cooperation with us, for our paper. This paper is only a theoretical analysis given and all the information provided are specifically organized by us with help from a cancer patient, her doctor and a microbiology student. We sincerely thank them for their cooperation with us, for our paper.
INTRODUCTION:
"This technology has the potential to replace existing manufacturing methods for integrated circuits, which may reach their practical limits within the next decade when Moore's Law eventually hits a brick wall,"
- Physicist Bernard Yurke of Bell Labs.
This paper gives some of the theoretical applications that could be possible with nanotechnology in the field of bio-medical instrumentation, diagnosed disease treatment possibilities.
What is nanotechnology?
Nano is one billionth of one. Now we have the so-called microprocessors and micromanipulations that would reach the nano level within a few decades, we suppose. Some call this technology to be nanotechnology and some others name if the molecular nanotechnology, to be specific. [2] Whatever we call it, it should let us
Get essentially every atom in the right place.
Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics that we can specify in molecular detail.
Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw materials and energy.
.
NANO EVIDENCES:
In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters "IBM".
WHAT IS CANCER?
The human body is made up of many cellular units that worn out regularly. These worn out cells are removed and new cells replaces the old existing cells by a cellular division referred to as mitosis. There are certain control systems that control these dividing mechanisms. Cancerous cells are those cells with boundless dividing capabilities that affect the normal body put up. Cancer begins when there has been a permanent change in the structure of DNA, referred to as the mutation. This change in gene structure takes place in several steps given below.
I. Primary steps:
In this case Safety Systems fails. The cells communicate with each other by receptor organs through the chemotherapic process, i.e. through chemical changes.
Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes:
These messages referred to as the growth factor reaches the adjacent cells and activate the genes known as Proto-Oncogenes, but the case of a mutated gene is referred to as simply Oncogenes which gives message for repeated multiplication of cells, being the main causative of cancerous cell growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes Stop Working:
This repeated multiplication alone cannot serve to be the cause of cancer. The adjacent cells produce the tumor suppressor activation to inhibit the growth of the cells. At times this might also malfunction.
Cell Cycle Clock Malfunctions:
The cell nucleus contains a collection of interacting proteins that control cell division, called the cell cycle clock that interprets the health of the cell for further processes. If DNA is found damaged then the tumor suppressor gene destroys the cell. In case of cancer, also this gene fails due to one or more mutation processes.
telomerase that extends the length of telomeres indefinitely causing an increase in the life span of the cell adding to the tediousness.
B. Secondary steps: This alone is not enough to produce cancer cause it has to survive a number of other safety mechanisms that prevents the excessive cell growth. Normal cells cannot survive without an extracellular matrix, which is not the case with the cancerous cells.
Tumor Forms:
The tumor is a collection of cells without the aid of extracellular matrix for its survival, which maintains a blood vessel network buy angiogenesis. In case if the tumor is a benign tumor, it would be prevailing only in one part and its surgical removal is also possible. The other is a malignant tumor that serves as the pre-cancer tissue.
WHAT IS A MAB:
Monoclonal Antibody (MAb), laboratory-produced protein molecule used in medicine to detect pregnancy; diagnose disease, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, and various kinds of cancer; and treat conditions caused by toxins, or poisonous substances, such as snake venom. MAbs best serve medicine as diagnostic tools and treatment aids
The Synthesis of MAb (Monoclonal
Antibody):
How chemotherapy works:
It is highly desirable to know what drugs are effective against your particular cancer cells before these toxic agents are systemically administered to your body. Chemosensitivity tests are performed on living specimens of cancer cells to determine the optimal combination of chemotherapy drugs.
What is an ATP?
ATP serves as fuel for basic life functions, such as cell growth and muscle movement. Boyer helped explain the complicated molecular process in which the enzyme, called ATP synthase, processes energy into ATP, which cells then use as fuel. When the body processes nutrients from food or sunlight, chemical energy is released.
The enzyme ATP synthase absorbs that energy, converts it into the fuel-like ATP, and transfers the fuel to any of a number of functions that require it—from the growth of cells to the contraction of muscles to the transmission of nerve messages. ATP synthase transfers energy to ATP molecules by adding a phosphate ion to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule.Bonding phosphate to ADP produces ATP and makes the molecule more stable, increasing its potential energy. ATP is regarded as a fuel for virtually all processes that require energy in a living organism.
The ability of medical nanodevices to measure both absolute temperature and changes in temperature is crucial for monitoring in vivo physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms and intracellular energy transactions. Precision thermal sensing is also important within nanoscale devices to provide corrective input for pressure, chemical, and displacement sensors, and to improve the stability of onboard clocks.
NANOSENSORS PRODUCTION THRO’ T4 BACTERIOPHAGE
The recent trends in the field of nanotechnology have been recognized by the developed nations in the world. Even its gaining importance in India too. We have presented a theoretical paper of how this technology could be used in cancer treatment. There are a humpty number of projects in the laboratories all over the world for implement this nanotechnology in the field of medical sciences. But this could be used easily to bring about efficient outcomes in the developed treatment techniques that are effective already [3]. The present area of research in this field is that of having nano level manipulations that are quite tedious now days. The hindrance in these to be implemented is that of not having better techniques of having sensors at the nano level that could be economical. To develop a nano level sensor it takes much of time and also the efficiency is not good.
The present technology for the treatment of cancer involves the chemotherapic way that is no way effective. Also the projects under taken in the treatment of cancer using nanotechnology are also not yet implemented effectively.
The present situation has the following ways for treatment of cancer
Chemotherapic drugs
Immunology
Radiotherapy
The treatment of cancer using nanotechnology uses the following type of sensors
Fluorescence sensor
Temperature sensor
Pressure sensor
Chemical sensor
Here we have provided an algorithm for the treatment of the same using the
present technological advancements already implemented.
Process that follows are
If we use some kind of nanotube that has the characteristics of being attracted by the radiation components then the couple of nanotubes being used would be attracted by these compounds that there would be some displacement in the nanotube coated with the radiation attracted compound.
.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER TREATMENT:
In this case we could use the nanorobots, specially designed nanodevices that could carry the chemotherapic drugs for the treatment of cancer cells and also to improve the MAb contents in these robots thereby improving the efficiency of the chemotherapy in cancer treatment, which has been a major problem in today’s treatment techniques. Also the use of ATP powered biomotors used for nanodevices create a low hypoxia environment that decreases the danger of spreading of tumor to other regions .The chemotherapic drugs are injected into the patient that along with the MAb are used to identify the affected areas thereby making a localized perception of the cancer tissue. Then the nanosensors used identify the temperature variation in the local environment that detects the specific areas of infection that could be used for application of chemotherapic drugs. The hypoxia is decreased in the local environment, due to the use of bio motors in nanodeviceshelps in controlling the further spreading of tumor. Thus nanotechnology is implemented in the biomedical field for treatment of cancer.
CONCLUSION:
The paper is just a theoretical justification. But the recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology gives the hope of the effective use of this technology in medical field. This paper starts by giving an introduction to nanotechnology and its importance as recognized by various other technocrats. This is the beginning of nanoera and we could expect further improvements such as cure to AIDS using nanotechnology
The credential part of this paper gives the theoretical application of nanodevices in the treatment of cancer. The latest technology for the treatment cancer is the chemotherapic treatment in which drugs of specific composition is given to the patients depending on the biopsy of the tumor from the patient. The main disadvantage of using chemotherapy is that the drug used is not so specific and hence it causes damage to the surrounding healthy cells. It uses MAb, the monoclonal antibodies to locate the affected areas. To make the treatment more specific, we use the nanodevices that use nanosensors to be more specific in application of chemotherapy to the malignant tumors, thereby increasing the safety in usage of chemotherapic drugs. Also the use of biomotors in the nanodevices increases the oxygen content in the surrounding that decreases the hypoxia environment. paper is only a theoretical analysis given and all the information provided are specifically organized by us with help from a cancer patient, her doctor and a microbiology student. We sincerely thank them for their cooperation with us, for our paper. This paper is only a theoretical analysis given and all the information provided are specifically organized by us with help from a cancer patient, her doctor and a microbiology student. We sincerely thank them for their cooperation with us, for our paper.
INTRODUCTION:
"This technology has the potential to replace existing manufacturing methods for integrated circuits, which may reach their practical limits within the next decade when Moore's Law eventually hits a brick wall,"
- Physicist Bernard Yurke of Bell Labs.
This paper gives some of the theoretical applications that could be possible with nanotechnology in the field of bio-medical instrumentation, diagnosed disease treatment possibilities.
What is nanotechnology?
Nano is one billionth of one. Now we have the so-called microprocessors and micromanipulations that would reach the nano level within a few decades, we suppose. Some call this technology to be nanotechnology and some others name if the molecular nanotechnology, to be specific. [2] Whatever we call it, it should let us
Get essentially every atom in the right place.
Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics that we can specify in molecular detail.
Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw materials and energy.
.
NANO EVIDENCES:
In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters "IBM".
WHAT IS CANCER?
The human body is made up of many cellular units that worn out regularly. These worn out cells are removed and new cells replaces the old existing cells by a cellular division referred to as mitosis. There are certain control systems that control these dividing mechanisms. Cancerous cells are those cells with boundless dividing capabilities that affect the normal body put up. Cancer begins when there has been a permanent change in the structure of DNA, referred to as the mutation. This change in gene structure takes place in several steps given below.
I. Primary steps:
In this case Safety Systems fails. The cells communicate with each other by receptor organs through the chemotherapic process, i.e. through chemical changes.
Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes:
These messages referred to as the growth factor reaches the adjacent cells and activate the genes known as Proto-Oncogenes, but the case of a mutated gene is referred to as simply Oncogenes which gives message for repeated multiplication of cells, being the main causative of cancerous cell growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes Stop Working:
This repeated multiplication alone cannot serve to be the cause of cancer. The adjacent cells produce the tumor suppressor activation to inhibit the growth of the cells. At times this might also malfunction.
Cell Cycle Clock Malfunctions:
The cell nucleus contains a collection of interacting proteins that control cell division, called the cell cycle clock that interprets the health of the cell for further processes. If DNA is found damaged then the tumor suppressor gene destroys the cell. In case of cancer, also this gene fails due to one or more mutation processes.
telomerase that extends the length of telomeres indefinitely causing an increase in the life span of the cell adding to the tediousness.
B. Secondary steps: This alone is not enough to produce cancer cause it has to survive a number of other safety mechanisms that prevents the excessive cell growth. Normal cells cannot survive without an extracellular matrix, which is not the case with the cancerous cells.
Tumor Forms:
The tumor is a collection of cells without the aid of extracellular matrix for its survival, which maintains a blood vessel network buy angiogenesis. In case if the tumor is a benign tumor, it would be prevailing only in one part and its surgical removal is also possible. The other is a malignant tumor that serves as the pre-cancer tissue.
WHAT IS A MAB:
Monoclonal Antibody (MAb), laboratory-produced protein molecule used in medicine to detect pregnancy; diagnose disease, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, and various kinds of cancer; and treat conditions caused by toxins, or poisonous substances, such as snake venom. MAbs best serve medicine as diagnostic tools and treatment aids
The Synthesis of MAb (Monoclonal
Antibody):
How chemotherapy works:
It is highly desirable to know what drugs are effective against your particular cancer cells before these toxic agents are systemically administered to your body. Chemosensitivity tests are performed on living specimens of cancer cells to determine the optimal combination of chemotherapy drugs.
What is an ATP?
ATP serves as fuel for basic life functions, such as cell growth and muscle movement. Boyer helped explain the complicated molecular process in which the enzyme, called ATP synthase, processes energy into ATP, which cells then use as fuel. When the body processes nutrients from food or sunlight, chemical energy is released.
The enzyme ATP synthase absorbs that energy, converts it into the fuel-like ATP, and transfers the fuel to any of a number of functions that require it—from the growth of cells to the contraction of muscles to the transmission of nerve messages. ATP synthase transfers energy to ATP molecules by adding a phosphate ion to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule.Bonding phosphate to ADP produces ATP and makes the molecule more stable, increasing its potential energy. ATP is regarded as a fuel for virtually all processes that require energy in a living organism.
The ability of medical nanodevices to measure both absolute temperature and changes in temperature is crucial for monitoring in vivo physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms and intracellular energy transactions. Precision thermal sensing is also important within nanoscale devices to provide corrective input for pressure, chemical, and displacement sensors, and to improve the stability of onboard clocks.
NANOSENSORS PRODUCTION THRO’ T4 BACTERIOPHAGE
The recent trends in the field of nanotechnology have been recognized by the developed nations in the world. Even its gaining importance in India too. We have presented a theoretical paper of how this technology could be used in cancer treatment. There are a humpty number of projects in the laboratories all over the world for implement this nanotechnology in the field of medical sciences. But this could be used easily to bring about efficient outcomes in the developed treatment techniques that are effective already [3]. The present area of research in this field is that of having nano level manipulations that are quite tedious now days. The hindrance in these to be implemented is that of not having better techniques of having sensors at the nano level that could be economical. To develop a nano level sensor it takes much of time and also the efficiency is not good.
The present technology for the treatment of cancer involves the chemotherapic way that is no way effective. Also the projects under taken in the treatment of cancer using nanotechnology are also not yet implemented effectively.
The present situation has the following ways for treatment of cancer
Chemotherapic drugs
Immunology
Radiotherapy
The treatment of cancer using nanotechnology uses the following type of sensors
Fluorescence sensor
Temperature sensor
Pressure sensor
Chemical sensor
Here we have provided an algorithm for the treatment of the same using the
present technological advancements already implemented.
Process that follows are
If we use some kind of nanotube that has the characteristics of being attracted by the radiation components then the couple of nanotubes being used would be attracted by these compounds that there would be some displacement in the nanotube coated with the radiation attracted compound.
.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER TREATMENT:
In this case we could use the nanorobots, specially designed nanodevices that could carry the chemotherapic drugs for the treatment of cancer cells and also to improve the MAb contents in these robots thereby improving the efficiency of the chemotherapy in cancer treatment, which has been a major problem in today’s treatment techniques. Also the use of ATP powered biomotors used for nanodevices create a low hypoxia environment that decreases the danger of spreading of tumor to other regions .The chemotherapic drugs are injected into the patient that along with the MAb are used to identify the affected areas thereby making a localized perception of the cancer tissue. Then the nanosensors used identify the temperature variation in the local environment that detects the specific areas of infection that could be used for application of chemotherapic drugs. The hypoxia is decreased in the local environment, due to the use of bio motors in nanodeviceshelps in controlling the further spreading of tumor. Thus nanotechnology is implemented in the biomedical field for treatment of cancer.
CONCLUSION:
The paper is just a theoretical justification. But the recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology gives the hope of the effective use of this technology in medical field. This paper starts by giving an introduction to nanotechnology and its importance as recognized by various other technocrats. This is the beginning of nanoera and we could expect further improvements such as cure to AIDS using nanotechnology
A NEW REVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM TO DETECT HUMAN BEINGS BURIED UNDER EARTHQUAKE RUBBLE USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER (EMBEDDED SYSTEMS)
A NEW REVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM TO DETECT HUMAN
BEINGS BURIED UNDER EARTHQUAKE RUBBLE USING
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
(EMBEDDED SYSTEMS)
ABSTRACT
Embedded systems is the recent emerging technology in the field of electronics. A new revolutionary microwave life detection system, which is used to locate human beings buried (or) trapped under earthquake rubble has been designed. This system operating at certain frequency can remotely detect the breathing and heart beat signals of human beings buried under earthquake rubble. By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. The entire process takes place within a few seconds as a PIC Microcontroller unit controls the system.
INTRODUCTION
At present as we know the need of the hour is to find an effective method for rescuing people buried under earthquake rubble (or) collapsed building. It has to be done before we experience another quake. Present methods for searching and rescuing victims buried (or) trapped under earthquake rubble are not effective. Taking all these factors in mind, a system, which will be really effective to solve problem, has been designed.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The basic principle is that when a microwave beam of certain frequency [L (or) S band (or) UHF band] is aimed at a portion of- rubble (or) collapsed building under which a person has been trapped, the microwave beam can penetrate through the rubble to reach the person. When the microwave beam focuses the person, the reflected wave from the person’s body will be modulated (or) changed by his/her movements, which include breathing and heartbeat. Simultaneously, reflected waves are also received from the collapsed structures. So, if these reflected waves from the immovable debris are cancelled and the reflected wave from the person’s body is properly distinguished, the breathing and heart beat signals can be detected. By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. Thus a person under debris can be identified.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
The microwave life detection system has four components. They are
• A microwave circuit, which generates amplifies and distributes microwave signals to different microwave components.
• A micro controller controlled clutter cancelled system, which creates an optimal signal to cancel the clutter cancellation system from the rubble.
• A dual antenna system, which consists of two antennas, energized sequentially. A laptop computer, which controls the micro controller and acts as the monitor for the output signal.
WORKING FREQUENCY
The frequency of the microwave falls under two categories, depending on the type and nature of the collapsed building. They are
1. L (or) S band frequency say 1150 MHz
2. UHF band frequency say 450 MHz
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit description is as follows:
Phase Locked Oscillator
The phase locked oscillator generates a very stable electromagnetic wave say 1150 MHz with output power say 400mW.
Directional Coupler 1 (10 dB)
This wave is then fed through a 10 db directional coupler and a circuital before reaching a radio frequency switch, which energizes the dual antenna system. Also, the ten dB directional coupler 2 (3 dB).
Directional coupler 2 (3 dB)
One output of the 3 dB directional coupler 2 (20mV) drives the clutter cancellation unit. Other output (20mV) serves as a local reference signal for the double balanced mixer.
Microwave life-detecting system using PIC Micro controller.
Antenna system:
The dual antenna system has two antennas, which are energized sequentially by an electronic switch. Each antenna acts separately.
Clutter cancellation unit:
The clutter cancellation unit consists of
• A digital controlled phase shifter 1
• A fixed attenuator
• A RF amplifier
• A digitally controlled attenuator.
Schematic diagram:
WORKING
Clutter cancellation of the received signal:
The wave radiated by the antenna 1 penetrates the earthquake rubble to reach the buried person.
The reflected wave received by the antenna 2 consists of a large reflected wave from the rubble and a small-reflected wave from the person’s body.
The large clutter from the rubble can be cancelled by a clutter-canceling signal.
The small reflected wave from the person’s body couldn’t be cancelled by a pure sinusoidal canceling signal because his/her movements modulate it.
The output of the clutter cancellation circuit is automatically adjusted to be of equal amplitude and opposite phase as that of the clutter from the rubble.
Thus when the output of the clutter cancellation circuit is combined with the directional coupler 3(3 dB), the large clutter from the rubble is completely cancelled.
Now, the output of the directional coupler 3(3dB) consists only of the small wave from the person’s body.
This output of the directional coupler 3(3dB) is passed through a directional coupler 4(6 dB).
One-fourth of this output is amplified by a RF pre amplifier and then mixed with a local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
Three-fourth of the output is directed by a microwave detector to provide a dc output, which serves as the indicator for the degree of clutter cancellation.
When the settings of the digitally controlled phase shifter and the attenuator are swept by the micro controller control system, the output of the microwave detector varies accordingly.
Demodulation of cluttered signal:
At the double balanced mixer, the amplifier signal of the reflected wave from the person’s body is mixed with the local reference signal.
Another digitally controlled phase shifter 2 for an optimal output from the mixer controls the phase of the local reference signal.
The output of the mixer consists of the breathing and heart beat signals of the human plus some unavoidable noise.
This output is fed through a low frequency amplifier and a band pass filter (0.1 -4 Hz) before being displayed on the monitor.
The function of the digitally controlled phase shifter 2 is to control the phase of the local reference signal for the purpose of increasing the system sensitivity.
The reflected signal from the person’s body after amplification by the pre-amplifier is mixed with the local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
The local reference signal is assumed to be A1cos (wt+φ1)
Where A1->amplitude of the local reference signal.
φ1-> phase of the local reference signal.
Let the reflected wave (or) signal from the person’s body=
Ar * cos (wt+ φe +Δ (φ (t)))
Where Ar->amplitude of the reflected wave.
φe-> phase of the reflected wave.
Δ (φ (t))-> phase modulation due to the person’s body movements.
W-> angular frequency
t-> time.
When these two inputs are mixed in the double balanced mixer, the output of the mixer will be A1A2* Δ φ ((t)) cos (φ1- φe –Δ φ(t))
From this expression of the mixer output, it is seen that,
If φ1-φe=(n+1/2) ∏ where n=0,1,2…
the system has a maximum sensitivity ;
φ1-φe=( ±n)∏ where n=0,1,2…
The system has a minimum sensitivity;
Because (ð/ ð(Δ φ(t)) cos(φ1- φe –Δ φ(t)))= - sin(φ1- φe –Δ φ(t)) .Δ φ(t) is usually a small phase angle created by the body movement of the person.
φe is the constant phase associated with the reflected signal from the person’s body and it cannot be changed.
φ1 is the phase of the local reference signal and it can be controlled by the digitally controlled phase shifter 2.
The phase shifter will automatically shift φ1 in such a way that φ1 – φe is nearly = (n+1/2) ∏ to attain a maximum sensitivity.
PIC MICROCONTROLLERS
The PIC16F84A belongs to the mid-range family of the PICmicro ® micro controller devices. A block diagram of the device is shown below.
The program memory contains 1K words, which translates to 1024 instructions, since each 14-bit program memory word is the same width as each device instruction. The data memory (RAM) contains 68 bytes. Data EEPROM is 64 bytes. There are also 13 I/O pins that are user-configured on a pin-to-pin basis. Some pins are multiplexed with other device functions. These functions include:
• External interrupt
• Change on PORTB interrupt
• Timer0 clock input
Memory Organization Unit:
There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F84A. These are the program memory and the data memory. Each block has its own bus, so that access to each block can occur during the same oscillator cycle. The data memory can further be broken down into the general purpose RAM and the Special Function Registers (SFRs). The data memory area also contains the data EEPROM memory. This memory is not directly mapped into the data memory, but is indirectly mapped. That is, an indirect address pointer specifies the address of the data EEPROM memory to read/write. The 64 bytes of data EEPROM memory have the address range 0h-3Fh.
Timer0 module:
The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features:
• 8-bit timer/counter
• Readable and wrightable
• Internal or external clock select
• Edge select for external clock
• 8-bit software programmable prescaler
• Interrupt-on-overflow from FFh to 00h
Timer0 Operation:
Timer0 can operate as a timer or as a counter. Timer mode is selected by clearing bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). If the TMR0 register is written, the increment is inhibited for the following two instruction cycles. The user can work around this by writing an adjusted value to the TMR0 register. Counter mode is selected by setting bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Counter mode, Timer0 will increment, either on every rising or falling edge of pin RA4/T0CKI. The incrementing edge is determined by the Timer0 Source Edge Select bit, T0SE (OPTION_REG<4>). Clearing bit T0SE selects the rising edge. Restrictions on the external clock input are discussed below. When an external clock input is used for Timer0, it must meet certain requirements. The requirements ensure the external clock can be synchronized with the internal phase clock (TOSC). Also, there is a delay in the actual incrementing of Timer0 after synchronization.
MICROCONTROLLER UNIT:
The algorithm and flowcharts for the antenna system and clutter cancellation system are as follows:
Antenna system:
• Initially the switch is kept in position 1(signal is transmitted through antenna 1).
• Wait for some predetermined sending time, Ts.
• Then, the switch is thrown to position 2(signal is received through antenna 2).
• Wait for some predetermined receiving time, Tr.
• Go to step1.
• Repeat the above procedure for some predetermined time, T.
Clutter cancellation system:
• Send the signal to the ruble through antenna 1.
• Receive the signal from the ruble through antenna 2.
• Check the detector output. If it is within the predetermined.Limits go to step5.
• Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally controlled phase shifter1and the attenuator and go to step1.
• Check the sensitivity of the mixer. If it is optimum go to step 7.
• Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally control phase shifter 2 to change the phase and go to step1
• Process the signal and send it to laptop.
ADVANTAGES OF L (OR) S BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM
Microwave of l (or) S band frequency can penetrate the rubble with metallic mesh easier than that of UHF band frequency waves.
ADVANTAGES OF UHF BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM
Microwaves of UHF band frequency can penetrate deeper in rubble (without metallic mesh) than that of L (or) S band frequency waves.
FREQUENCY RANGE OF BREATHING AND HEART BEAT SIGNALS
The frequency range of heartbeat and breathing of human beings lies between 0.2 and 3Hz.
HIGHLIGHTS
The location of the person under the rubble can be known by calculating the time lapse between the sending time, Ts and receiving time, Tr.
Since it will not be possible to continuously watch the system under critical situations, an alarm system has been set, so that whenever the laptop computer system processes the received signal and identifies that there is a human being, the alarm sound starts.
Also under critical situations, where living beings other than humans are not required to be found out, the system can detect the signals of other living beings based on the frequency of the breathing and heart beat signals.
CONCLUSION
Thus a new sensitive life detection system using microwave radiation for locating human beings buried under earthquake rubble (or) hidden various barriers have been designed. This system operating either at L (or) S band (or) UHF band can detect the breathing and heart beat signals of human beings through earthquake rubble.
REFERENCES
1. “Microwaves” by K.C. Gupta”
2. “Automatic clutter-canceller for microwave life detection system”
3. PIC Micro controller- Microchip’s reference manual.
BEINGS BURIED UNDER EARTHQUAKE RUBBLE USING
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
(EMBEDDED SYSTEMS)
ABSTRACT
Embedded systems is the recent emerging technology in the field of electronics. A new revolutionary microwave life detection system, which is used to locate human beings buried (or) trapped under earthquake rubble has been designed. This system operating at certain frequency can remotely detect the breathing and heart beat signals of human beings buried under earthquake rubble. By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. The entire process takes place within a few seconds as a PIC Microcontroller unit controls the system.
INTRODUCTION
At present as we know the need of the hour is to find an effective method for rescuing people buried under earthquake rubble (or) collapsed building. It has to be done before we experience another quake. Present methods for searching and rescuing victims buried (or) trapped under earthquake rubble are not effective. Taking all these factors in mind, a system, which will be really effective to solve problem, has been designed.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The basic principle is that when a microwave beam of certain frequency [L (or) S band (or) UHF band] is aimed at a portion of- rubble (or) collapsed building under which a person has been trapped, the microwave beam can penetrate through the rubble to reach the person. When the microwave beam focuses the person, the reflected wave from the person’s body will be modulated (or) changed by his/her movements, which include breathing and heartbeat. Simultaneously, reflected waves are also received from the collapsed structures. So, if these reflected waves from the immovable debris are cancelled and the reflected wave from the person’s body is properly distinguished, the breathing and heart beat signals can be detected. By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. Thus a person under debris can be identified.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
The microwave life detection system has four components. They are
• A microwave circuit, which generates amplifies and distributes microwave signals to different microwave components.
• A micro controller controlled clutter cancelled system, which creates an optimal signal to cancel the clutter cancellation system from the rubble.
• A dual antenna system, which consists of two antennas, energized sequentially. A laptop computer, which controls the micro controller and acts as the monitor for the output signal.
WORKING FREQUENCY
The frequency of the microwave falls under two categories, depending on the type and nature of the collapsed building. They are
1. L (or) S band frequency say 1150 MHz
2. UHF band frequency say 450 MHz
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit description is as follows:
Phase Locked Oscillator
The phase locked oscillator generates a very stable electromagnetic wave say 1150 MHz with output power say 400mW.
Directional Coupler 1 (10 dB)
This wave is then fed through a 10 db directional coupler and a circuital before reaching a radio frequency switch, which energizes the dual antenna system. Also, the ten dB directional coupler 2 (3 dB).
Directional coupler 2 (3 dB)
One output of the 3 dB directional coupler 2 (20mV) drives the clutter cancellation unit. Other output (20mV) serves as a local reference signal for the double balanced mixer.
Microwave life-detecting system using PIC Micro controller.
Antenna system:
The dual antenna system has two antennas, which are energized sequentially by an electronic switch. Each antenna acts separately.
Clutter cancellation unit:
The clutter cancellation unit consists of
• A digital controlled phase shifter 1
• A fixed attenuator
• A RF amplifier
• A digitally controlled attenuator.
Schematic diagram:
WORKING
Clutter cancellation of the received signal:
The wave radiated by the antenna 1 penetrates the earthquake rubble to reach the buried person.
The reflected wave received by the antenna 2 consists of a large reflected wave from the rubble and a small-reflected wave from the person’s body.
The large clutter from the rubble can be cancelled by a clutter-canceling signal.
The small reflected wave from the person’s body couldn’t be cancelled by a pure sinusoidal canceling signal because his/her movements modulate it.
The output of the clutter cancellation circuit is automatically adjusted to be of equal amplitude and opposite phase as that of the clutter from the rubble.
Thus when the output of the clutter cancellation circuit is combined with the directional coupler 3(3 dB), the large clutter from the rubble is completely cancelled.
Now, the output of the directional coupler 3(3dB) consists only of the small wave from the person’s body.
This output of the directional coupler 3(3dB) is passed through a directional coupler 4(6 dB).
One-fourth of this output is amplified by a RF pre amplifier and then mixed with a local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
Three-fourth of the output is directed by a microwave detector to provide a dc output, which serves as the indicator for the degree of clutter cancellation.
When the settings of the digitally controlled phase shifter and the attenuator are swept by the micro controller control system, the output of the microwave detector varies accordingly.
Demodulation of cluttered signal:
At the double balanced mixer, the amplifier signal of the reflected wave from the person’s body is mixed with the local reference signal.
Another digitally controlled phase shifter 2 for an optimal output from the mixer controls the phase of the local reference signal.
The output of the mixer consists of the breathing and heart beat signals of the human plus some unavoidable noise.
This output is fed through a low frequency amplifier and a band pass filter (0.1 -4 Hz) before being displayed on the monitor.
The function of the digitally controlled phase shifter 2 is to control the phase of the local reference signal for the purpose of increasing the system sensitivity.
The reflected signal from the person’s body after amplification by the pre-amplifier is mixed with the local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
The local reference signal is assumed to be A1cos (wt+φ1)
Where A1->amplitude of the local reference signal.
φ1-> phase of the local reference signal.
Let the reflected wave (or) signal from the person’s body=
Ar * cos (wt+ φe +Δ (φ (t)))
Where Ar->amplitude of the reflected wave.
φe-> phase of the reflected wave.
Δ (φ (t))-> phase modulation due to the person’s body movements.
W-> angular frequency
t-> time.
When these two inputs are mixed in the double balanced mixer, the output of the mixer will be A1A2* Δ φ ((t)) cos (φ1- φe –Δ φ(t))
From this expression of the mixer output, it is seen that,
If φ1-φe=(n+1/2) ∏ where n=0,1,2…
the system has a maximum sensitivity ;
φ1-φe=( ±n)∏ where n=0,1,2…
The system has a minimum sensitivity;
Because (ð/ ð(Δ φ(t)) cos(φ1- φe –Δ φ(t)))= - sin(φ1- φe –Δ φ(t)) .Δ φ(t) is usually a small phase angle created by the body movement of the person.
φe is the constant phase associated with the reflected signal from the person’s body and it cannot be changed.
φ1 is the phase of the local reference signal and it can be controlled by the digitally controlled phase shifter 2.
The phase shifter will automatically shift φ1 in such a way that φ1 – φe is nearly = (n+1/2) ∏ to attain a maximum sensitivity.
PIC MICROCONTROLLERS
The PIC16F84A belongs to the mid-range family of the PICmicro ® micro controller devices. A block diagram of the device is shown below.
The program memory contains 1K words, which translates to 1024 instructions, since each 14-bit program memory word is the same width as each device instruction. The data memory (RAM) contains 68 bytes. Data EEPROM is 64 bytes. There are also 13 I/O pins that are user-configured on a pin-to-pin basis. Some pins are multiplexed with other device functions. These functions include:
• External interrupt
• Change on PORTB interrupt
• Timer0 clock input
Memory Organization Unit:
There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F84A. These are the program memory and the data memory. Each block has its own bus, so that access to each block can occur during the same oscillator cycle. The data memory can further be broken down into the general purpose RAM and the Special Function Registers (SFRs). The data memory area also contains the data EEPROM memory. This memory is not directly mapped into the data memory, but is indirectly mapped. That is, an indirect address pointer specifies the address of the data EEPROM memory to read/write. The 64 bytes of data EEPROM memory have the address range 0h-3Fh.
Timer0 module:
The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features:
• 8-bit timer/counter
• Readable and wrightable
• Internal or external clock select
• Edge select for external clock
• 8-bit software programmable prescaler
• Interrupt-on-overflow from FFh to 00h
Timer0 Operation:
Timer0 can operate as a timer or as a counter. Timer mode is selected by clearing bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). If the TMR0 register is written, the increment is inhibited for the following two instruction cycles. The user can work around this by writing an adjusted value to the TMR0 register. Counter mode is selected by setting bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Counter mode, Timer0 will increment, either on every rising or falling edge of pin RA4/T0CKI. The incrementing edge is determined by the Timer0 Source Edge Select bit, T0SE (OPTION_REG<4>). Clearing bit T0SE selects the rising edge. Restrictions on the external clock input are discussed below. When an external clock input is used for Timer0, it must meet certain requirements. The requirements ensure the external clock can be synchronized with the internal phase clock (TOSC). Also, there is a delay in the actual incrementing of Timer0 after synchronization.
MICROCONTROLLER UNIT:
The algorithm and flowcharts for the antenna system and clutter cancellation system are as follows:
Antenna system:
• Initially the switch is kept in position 1(signal is transmitted through antenna 1).
• Wait for some predetermined sending time, Ts.
• Then, the switch is thrown to position 2(signal is received through antenna 2).
• Wait for some predetermined receiving time, Tr.
• Go to step1.
• Repeat the above procedure for some predetermined time, T.
Clutter cancellation system:
• Send the signal to the ruble through antenna 1.
• Receive the signal from the ruble through antenna 2.
• Check the detector output. If it is within the predetermined.Limits go to step5.
• Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally controlled phase shifter1and the attenuator and go to step1.
• Check the sensitivity of the mixer. If it is optimum go to step 7.
• Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally control phase shifter 2 to change the phase and go to step1
• Process the signal and send it to laptop.
ADVANTAGES OF L (OR) S BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM
Microwave of l (or) S band frequency can penetrate the rubble with metallic mesh easier than that of UHF band frequency waves.
ADVANTAGES OF UHF BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM
Microwaves of UHF band frequency can penetrate deeper in rubble (without metallic mesh) than that of L (or) S band frequency waves.
FREQUENCY RANGE OF BREATHING AND HEART BEAT SIGNALS
The frequency range of heartbeat and breathing of human beings lies between 0.2 and 3Hz.
HIGHLIGHTS
The location of the person under the rubble can be known by calculating the time lapse between the sending time, Ts and receiving time, Tr.
Since it will not be possible to continuously watch the system under critical situations, an alarm system has been set, so that whenever the laptop computer system processes the received signal and identifies that there is a human being, the alarm sound starts.
Also under critical situations, where living beings other than humans are not required to be found out, the system can detect the signals of other living beings based on the frequency of the breathing and heart beat signals.
CONCLUSION
Thus a new sensitive life detection system using microwave radiation for locating human beings buried under earthquake rubble (or) hidden various barriers have been designed. This system operating either at L (or) S band (or) UHF band can detect the breathing and heart beat signals of human beings through earthquake rubble.
REFERENCES
1. “Microwaves” by K.C. Gupta”
2. “Automatic clutter-canceller for microwave life detection system”
3. PIC Micro controller- Microchip’s reference manual.
FORMAT FOR THE PREPARATION OF A PROJECT REPORT FOR B.E./ B.TECH./ AND B.ARCH
Thursday, April 23, 2009
FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT FOR B.E. / B. TECH. / B. ARCH.
ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT
FOR
B.E. / B. TECH. / B. ARCH.
1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound should be as follows:
1. Cover Page & Title Page
2. Bonafide Certificate
3. Abstract
4. Table of Contents
5. List of Tables
6. List of Figures
7. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
8. Chapters
9. Appendices
10. References
The table and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.
2. PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:
The dimension of the project report should be in A4 size. The project report should be bound using flexible cover of the thick white art paper. The cover should be printed in black letters and the text for printing should be identical.
3. PREPARATION FORMAT:
3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project report are given in Appendix 1.
3.2 Bonafide Certificate – The Bonafide Certificate shall be in double line spacing using Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14, as per the format in Appendix 2.
The certificate shall carry the supervisor’s signature and shall be followed by the supervisor’s name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities of administrative nature), department and full address of the institution where the supervisor has guided the student. The term ‘SUPERVISOR’ must be typed in capital letters between the supervisor’s name and academic designation.
3.3 Abstract – Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report typed double line spacing, Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14.
3.4 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material which precedes it. The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is given in Appendix 3.
3.5 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
3.6 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
3.7 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used.
3.8 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.
The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.
Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where they are cited.
Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
3.9 Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme.
• Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.
• Appendices, Tables and References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
• Appendices shall carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be made in the contents page also.
3.10 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces below the heading “REFERENCES” in alphabetical order in single spacing left – justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the first author. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by the year and other details.
A typical illustrative list given below relates to the citation example quoted above.
REFERENCES
1. Ariponnammal, S. and Natarajan, S. (1994) ‘Transport Phonomena of Sm Sel – X Asx’, Pramana – Journal of Physics Vol.42, No.1, pp.421-425.
2. Barnard, R.W. and Kellogg, C. (1980) ‘Applications of Convolution Operators to Problems in Univalent Function Theory’, Michigan Mach, J., Vol.27, pp.81–94.
3. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) ‘Open Loop Minimum Time Control of Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications’, Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego, CA, pp. 1231-1236.
3.10.1 Table and figures - By the word Table, is meant tabulated numerical data in the body of the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal materials used in the body of the project work and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams may be designated as figures.
4. TYPING INSTRUCTIONS:
The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour.
One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall be typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 14.
* * * * *
APPENDIX 1
(A typical Specimen of Cover Page & Title Page)
TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT
<1.5>
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
<1.5>
NAME OF THE DEGREE
IN
BRANCH OF STUDY
NAME OF THE COLLEGE
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
<1.5>
MONTH & YEAR
SPECIMEN
SOME PERFORMANCE ASPECTS CONSIDERATIONS OF A CLASS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SANDHYA. A
GAYATHRI.R
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
XXX ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KANCHEEPURAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025
MAY 2005
APPENDIX 2
(A typical specimen of Bonafide Certificate)
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE PROJECT……………..”
is the bonafide work of “…………..NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S).…………” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
<
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
<
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
<
<
<
APPENDIX 3
(A typical specimen of table of contents)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLE xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 General 5
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.2.1 General 19
1.2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 45
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 69
2.1 GENERAL 75
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.2 ……………. 100
Attitude of A Winner and A Loser
• The Winner is always part of the answer;
The Loser is always part of the problem.
• The Winner always has a program;
The Loser always has an excuse.
• The Winner says, "Let me do it for you";
The Loser says, "That is not my job."
• The Winner sees an answer for every problem;
The Loser sees a problem for every answer.
• The Winner says, "It may be difficult but it is possible";
The Loser says, "It may be possible but it is too difficult."
• When a Winner makes a mistake, he says, "I was wrong";
When a Loser makes a mistake, he says, "It wasn't my fault."
• A Winner makes commitments;
A Loser makes promises.
• Winners have dreams;
Losers have schemes.
• Winners say, "I must do something";
Losers say, "Something must be done."
• Winners are a part of the team;
Losers are apart from the team.
• Winners see the gain;
Losers see the pain.
• Winners see possibilities;
Losers see problems.
• Winners believe in win-win;
Losers believe for them to win someone has to lose.
• Winners see the potential;
Losers see the past.
• Winners are like a thermostat;
Losers are like thermometers.
• Winners choose what they say;
Losers say what they choose.
• Winners use hard arguments but soft words;
Losers use soft arguments but hard words.
• Winners stand firm on values but compromise on petty things;
Losers stand firm on petty things but compromise on values.
• Winners follow the philosophy of empathy: "Don't do to others what you would not want them to do to you";
Losers follow the philosophy, "Do it to others before they do it to you."
• Winners make it happen;
Losers let it happen.
• Winners plan and prepare to win.
The key word is preparation.
• The Winner is always part of the answer;
The Loser is always part of the problem.
• The Winner always has a program;
The Loser always has an excuse.
• The Winner says, "Let me do it for you";
The Loser says, "That is not my job."
• The Winner sees an answer for every problem;
The Loser sees a problem for every answer.
• The Winner says, "It may be difficult but it is possible";
The Loser says, "It may be possible but it is too difficult."
• When a Winner makes a mistake, he says, "I was wrong";
When a Loser makes a mistake, he says, "It wasn't my fault."
• A Winner makes commitments;
A Loser makes promises.
• Winners have dreams;
Losers have schemes.
• Winners say, "I must do something";
Losers say, "Something must be done."
• Winners are a part of the team;
Losers are apart from the team.
• Winners see the gain;
Losers see the pain.
• Winners see possibilities;
Losers see problems.
• Winners believe in win-win;
Losers believe for them to win someone has to lose.
• Winners see the potential;
Losers see the past.
• Winners are like a thermostat;
Losers are like thermometers.
• Winners choose what they say;
Losers say what they choose.
• Winners use hard arguments but soft words;
Losers use soft arguments but hard words.
• Winners stand firm on values but compromise on petty things;
Losers stand firm on petty things but compromise on values.
• Winners follow the philosophy of empathy: "Don't do to others what you would not want them to do to you";
Losers follow the philosophy, "Do it to others before they do it to you."
• Winners make it happen;
Losers let it happen.
• Winners plan and prepare to win.
The key word is preparation.
The Loser is always part of the problem.
• The Winner always has a program;
The Loser always has an excuse.
• The Winner says, "Let me do it for you";
The Loser says, "That is not my job."
• The Winner sees an answer for every problem;
The Loser sees a problem for every answer.
• The Winner says, "It may be difficult but it is possible";
The Loser says, "It may be possible but it is too difficult."
• When a Winner makes a mistake, he says, "I was wrong";
When a Loser makes a mistake, he says, "It wasn't my fault."
• A Winner makes commitments;
A Loser makes promises.
• Winners have dreams;
Losers have schemes.
• Winners say, "I must do something";
Losers say, "Something must be done."
• Winners are a part of the team;
Losers are apart from the team.
• Winners see the gain;
Losers see the pain.
• Winners see possibilities;
Losers see problems.
• Winners believe in win-win;
Losers believe for them to win someone has to lose.
• Winners see the potential;
Losers see the past.
• Winners are like a thermostat;
Losers are like thermometers.
• Winners choose what they say;
Losers say what they choose.
• Winners use hard arguments but soft words;
Losers use soft arguments but hard words.
• Winners stand firm on values but compromise on petty things;
Losers stand firm on petty things but compromise on values.
• Winners follow the philosophy of empathy: "Don't do to others what you would not want them to do to you";
Losers follow the philosophy, "Do it to others before they do it to you."
• Winners make it happen;
Losers let it happen.
• Winners plan and prepare to win.
The key word is preparation.
• The Winner is always part of the answer;
The Loser is always part of the problem.
• The Winner always has a program;
The Loser always has an excuse.
• The Winner says, "Let me do it for you";
The Loser says, "That is not my job."
• The Winner sees an answer for every problem;
The Loser sees a problem for every answer.
• The Winner says, "It may be difficult but it is possible";
The Loser says, "It may be possible but it is too difficult."
• When a Winner makes a mistake, he says, "I was wrong";
When a Loser makes a mistake, he says, "It wasn't my fault."
• A Winner makes commitments;
A Loser makes promises.
• Winners have dreams;
Losers have schemes.
• Winners say, "I must do something";
Losers say, "Something must be done."
• Winners are a part of the team;
Losers are apart from the team.
• Winners see the gain;
Losers see the pain.
• Winners see possibilities;
Losers see problems.
• Winners believe in win-win;
Losers believe for them to win someone has to lose.
• Winners see the potential;
Losers see the past.
• Winners are like a thermostat;
Losers are like thermometers.
• Winners choose what they say;
Losers say what they choose.
• Winners use hard arguments but soft words;
Losers use soft arguments but hard words.
• Winners stand firm on values but compromise on petty things;
Losers stand firm on petty things but compromise on values.
• Winners follow the philosophy of empathy: "Don't do to others what you would not want them to do to you";
Losers follow the philosophy, "Do it to others before they do it to you."
• Winners make it happen;
Losers let it happen.
• Winners plan and prepare to win.
The key word is preparation.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
8085 MicroProcessor Questions
What are the various registers in 8085? - Accumulator register, Temporary register, Instruction register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter are the various registers in 8085 . In 8085 name the 16 bit registers? - Stack pointer and Program counter all have 16 bits.
What are the various flags used in 8085? - Sign flag, Zero flag, Auxillary flag, Parity flag, Carry flag.
What is Stack Pointer? - Stack pointer is a special purpose 16-bit register in the Microprocessor, which holds the address of the top of the stack.
What is Program counter? - Program counter holds the address of either the first byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a multi byte instruction, which has not been completely fetched. In both the cases it gets incremented automatically one by one as the instruction bytes get fetched. Also Program register keeps the address of the next instruction.
Which Stack is used in 8085? - LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this type of Stack the last stored information can be retrieved first.
What happens when HLT instruction is executed in processor? - The Micro Processor enters into Halt-State and the buses are tri-stated.
What is meant by a bus? - A bus is a group of conducting lines that carriers data, address, & control signals.
What is Tri-state logic? - Three Logic Levels are used and they are High, Low, High impedance state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is electrical open circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a third line called enable line.
Give an example of one address microprocessor? - 8085 is a one address microprocessor.
In what way interrupts are classified in 8085? - In 8085 the interrupts are classified as Hardware and Software interrupts.
What are Hardware interrupts? - TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR.
What are Software interrupts? - RST0, RST1, RST2, RST3, RST4, RST5, RST6, RST7.
Which interrupt has the highest priority? - TRAP has the highest priority.
Name 5 different addressing modes? - Immediate, Direct, Register, Register indirect, Implied addressing modes.
How many interrupts are there in 8085? - There are 12 interrupts in 8085.
What is clock frequency for 8085? - 3 MHz is the maximum clock frequency for 8085.
What is the RST for the TRAP? - RST 4.5 is called as TRAP.
In 8085 which is called as High order / Low order Register? - Flag is called as Low order register & Accumulator is called as High order Register.
What are input & output devices? - Keyboards, Floppy disk are the examples of input devices. Printer, LED / LCD display, CRT Monitor are the examples of output devices.
Can an RC circuit be used as clock source for 8085? - Yes, it can be used, if an accurate clock frequency is not required. Also, the component cost is low compared to LC or Crystal.
Why crystal is a preferred clock source? - Because of high stability, large Q (Quality Factor) & the frequency that doesn’t drift with aging. Crystal is used as a clock source most of the times.
Which interrupt is not level-sensitive in 8085? - RST 7.5 is a raising edge-triggering interrupt.
What does Quality factor mean? - The Quality factor is also defined, as Q. So it is a number, which reflects the lossness of a circuit. Higher the Q, the lower are the losses.
What are level-triggering interrupt? - RST 6.5 & RST 5.5 are level-triggering interrupts.
200 Interesting and Useful Water Facts
1. Roughly 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water.
2. At birth, water accounts for approximately 80 percent of an infant’s body weight.
3. A healthy person can drink about three gallons (48 cups) of water per day.
4. Drinking too much water too quickly can lead to water intoxication. Water intoxication occurs when water dilutes the sodium level in the bloodstream and causes an imbalance of water in the brain.
5. Water intoxication is most likely to occur during periods of intense athletic performance.
6. While the daily recommended amount of water is eight cups per day, not all of this water must be consumed in the liquid form. Nearly every food or drink item provides some water to the body.
7. Soft drinks, coffee, and tea, while made up almost entirely of water, also contain caffeine. Caffeine can act as a mild diuretic, preventing water from traveling to necessary locations in the body.
8. Pure water (solely hydrogen and oxygen atoms) has a neutral pH of 7, which is neither acidic nor basic.
9. Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Wherever it travels, water carries chemicals, minerals, and nutrients with it.
10. Somewhere between 70 and 75 percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
11. Much more fresh water is stored under the ground in aquifers than on the earth’s surface.
12. The earth is a closed system, similar to a terrarium, meaning that it rarely loses or gains extra matter. The same water that existed on the earth millions of years ago is still present today.
13. The total amount of water on the earth is about 326 million cubic miles of water.
14. Of all the water on the earth, humans can used only about three tenths of a percent of this water. Such usable water is found in groundwater aquifers, rivers, and freshwater lakes.
15. The United States uses about 346,000 million gallons of fresh water every day.
16. The United States uses nearly 80 percent of its water for irrigation and thermoelectric power.
17. The average person in the United States uses anywhere from 80-100 gallons of water per day. Flushing the toilet actually takes up the largest amount of this water.
18. Approximately 85 percent of U.S. residents receive their water from public water facilities. The remaining 15 percent supply their own water from private wells or other sources.
19. By the time a person feels thirsty, his or her body has lost over 1 percent of its total water amount.
20. The weight a person loses directly after intense physical activity is weight from water, not fat.
Next page >>
10 Reasons to Drink Water
1. Water is absolutely essential to the human body’s survival. A person can live for about a month without food, but only about a week without water.
2. Water helps to maintain healthy body weight by increasing metabolism and regulating appetite.
3. Water leads to increased energy levels. The most common cause of daytime fatigue is actually mild dehydration.
4. Drinking adequate amounts of water can decrease the risk of certain types of cancers, including colon cancer, bladder cancer, and breast cancer.
5. For a majority of sufferers, drinking water can significantly reduce joint and/or back pain.
6. Water leads to overall greater health by flushing out wastes and bacteria that can cause disease.
7. Water can prevent and alleviate headaches.
8. Water naturally moisturizes skin and ensures proper cellular formation underneath layers of skin to give it a healthy, glowing appearance.
9. Water aids in the digestion process and prevents constipation.
10. Water is the primary mode of transportation for all nutrients in the body and is essential for proper circulation.
Bottle water
It is hard to argue the fact that waste management has become a large problem in the world, with landfills growing to enormous sizes and recycling rates remaining dismally low. The number of plastic bottles produced by the bottled water industry and subsequently discarded by consumers has only exacerbated this problem.
According to a 2001 report of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), roughly 1.5 million tons of plastic are expended in the bottling of 89 billion liters of water each year.
Besides the sheer number of plastic bottles produced each year, the energy required to manufacture and transport these bottles to market severely drains limited fossil fuels. Bottled water companies, due to their unregulated use of valuable resources and their production of billions of plastic bottles have presented a significant strain on the environment.
The authors of the WWF report suggested that water bottles be washed and reused in order to lessen their negative impact on the environment. Unfortunately, reusing plastic bottles further compromises the quality of the water, due to the fact that more and more phthalate leaches its way into the water as the bottle gets older. In another suggestion, the authors recommended that bottled water companies use local bottling facilities in order to lessen fuel expenditures for transportation needs. Regrettably, local bottling further compromises water quality due to the reduced health standards for in-state bottled water production and consumption. It seems there is no feasible solution to this problem. The bottled water industry causes a severe strain on the environment, but solutions to this environmental damage significantly lessen the quality of water in the bottles.
Bottled water, because it is defined as a “food” under federal regulations, is under the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—under much stricter standards—regulates tap water. Thus, bottled water, depending upon the brand, may actually be less clean and safe than tap water. The EPA mandates that local water treatment plants provide city residents with a detailed account of tap water’s source and the results of any testing, including contaminant level violations. Bottled water companies are under no such directives.
Also, while municipal water systems must test for harmful microbiological content in water several times a day, bottled water companies are required to test for these microbes only once a week.
Similarly, public water systems are required to test for chemical water contaminants four times as often as bottled water companies. In addition, loopholes in the FDA’s testing policy do not require the same standards for water that is bottled and sold in the same state, meaning that a significant number of bottles have undergone almost no regulation or testing.
Even under the more lax standards of the FDA, bottled water companies do not always comply with standardized contaminant levels.
Alarmingly, the 1999 NRDC study found that 18 of the 103 bottled water brands tested contained, in at least one sample, “more bacteria than allowed under microbiological-purity guidelines.”
Also, about one fifth of the brands tested positive for the presence of synthetic chemicals, such as industrial chemicals and chemicals used in manufacturing plastic like phthalate, a harmful chemical that leaches into bottled water from its plastic container. In addition, bottled water companies are not required to test for cryptosporidium, the chlorine-resistant protozoan that infected more than 400,000 Milwaukee residents in 1993. Bottled water companies, because they are not under the same accountability standards as municipal water systems, may provide a significantly lower quality of water than the water one typically receives from the tap.
<<>>
________________________________________
According to WHO 10 fact to water scarcity
1.World Water Day is celebrated every year on 22 March. The theme for 2007 is ‘water scarcity’. Even in areas with plenty of rainfall or freshwater, water scarcity occurs. Because of the ways in which water is used and distributed, there is not always enough water to fully meet the demands of households, farms, industry, and the environment.
2.Water scarcity already affects every continent and four of every ten people in the world. The situation is getting worse due to population growth, urbanization and the increase in domestic and industrial water use.
3.By 2025, nearly 2 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water shortage, where water resources per person fall below the recommended level of 500 cubic metres per year. This is the amount of water a person needs for a healthy and hygienic living
4.Water scarcity forces people to rely on unsafe sources of drinking water. It also means they cannot bathe or clean their clothes or homes properly.
5.Poor water quality can increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases including cholera, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, other gastrointestinal viruses, and dysentery. Water scarcity may also lead to diseases such as trachoma, plague and typhus. Trachoma, for example, is strongly related to a lack of water for regular face washing.
6.Water scarcity encourages people to store water in their homes. This can increase the risk of household water contamination and provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes - which are vectors for dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and malaria and other diseases.
7. Water scarcity underscores the need for better water management. Good water management reduces breeding sites for disease vectors, which leads to reduced transmission of malaria, lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis
8.Millennium Development Goal number 7, target 10 aims "to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". The world is still on track to reach the drinking water target, but increasing water scarcity may seriously undermine progress towards achieving this goal.
9. Everyone needs water and everyone needs to take responsibility. Actively support governments, non-governmental organizations and private foundations which are making it a priority to deliver affordable good quality water to people.
10. Do your part by conserving, recycling and protecting water more efficiently.
Why Is Water So Important for a Bodybuilder?
From an early age, we all learn that we depend on water for our survival. We can go weeks without food, but no more than about 48 hours without water. And although most people trying to gain weight understand that water is essential to their general health, they don't realize how large of a role water plays when it comes to building muscle mass. Staying well hydrated every day is a crucial part of your muscle building program, that shouldn't be overlooked. Why you ask?
Dehydration will effect your strength, energy levels, and ability to build muscle - so get drinking!
As much as 70% of your body is comprised of water - including 83% of your blood, 22% of your bone, and a whopping 75% of your muscle tissue. If you are dehydrated, water levels in all of these parts of your body will decrease. Once this happens you can forget about building muscle as this will be your bodies last priority - that is if you even have the energy to lift weights!
Also consider that water is ranked second only to oxygen as the most important nutrient for the body, and studies have proven that even slight decreases in the body's water balance can seriously effect a persons health and performance. This means that even with dehydration levels as low as 3%, you are likely to have less energy, less strength, and your body will be less likely to perform the tasks required to help your muscles grow.
Simply put, water Promotes a Muscle Building Environment Within your Body! Here are some of the other roles adequate water intake plays in relation to building muscle:
• Maintaining peak strength - Significant hydration will actually make you stronger. Even slight dehydration (3-4%) can decrease your strength by upwards of 15%. In order to maximize the intensity of your weight training workouts and break down as many muscle fibers as you can, it is important to be at your strongest each and every workout.
• Protecting the joints - Synovial fluid is the only form"lubrication" of the joints in your body. And guess what? It is comprised of mostly water. It is important that you are well hydrated so your body can produce all of the fluid it needs. If the body cannot produce enough synovial fluid due to chronic dehydration, you could be compromising your joints each time you workout.
• Aiding in digestion - Eating a well balanced muscle building diet will not help if your body can't properly digest the food you consume. Water helps the digestive system function, allowing your body to absorb the nutrients it needs to help your body recover from your workouts, and build muscle.
Now let's take it a step further and take a look at three symptoms of dehydration that will affect the progress of your muscle building program.
Here are the symptoms in no particular order:
1). Fatigue - This one is a no brainer. If your energy levels are low, your weight training workouts will suffer. You may not even feel like training at all!
2). Digestion Problems - You body will not have enough water to secrete as much digestive juices as it should, resulting in difficulty digesting foods. This will make it more difficult for your body to absorb the nutrients it needs to repair and rebuild muscle tissue.
3) High or Low Blood Pressure - If the volume of water in the body is too low, it can lead to both high and low blood pressure. Both will make your weight training workouts difficult, and in some cases unsafe.
You probably get the point by now. Water is an extremely important part of your muscle building program. Make sure you drink as much as possible!!
The Water Requirements of The Bodybuilder
The water needs of the bodybuilder vary, and must be assessed on an individual basis. It is important to take a number of specific factors in to consideration when trying to estimate your daily water intake.
The actual amount of water you require depends the following factors:
• Climate - The hotter the climate, the more you will perspire. This one of the fastest ways the body loses water. During the summer months, and in areas that are hot all year round, a higher water intake is necessary.
• Your initial hydration level - If you currently suffer from chronic dehydration like many people do, you will have to drink much more water from the get go to help your body catch up to the hydration level it should be at.
• Your level of physical activity - The more physically active you are, the more water you need to consume daily - that's a given. It's important that you consume more water on your training days since you will perspire much more than on a non training day. If you participate in any other activities or sports, it is also important to up your water intake on those days as well.
Daily hydration guidelines are important for bodybuilders to follow. Studies have shown that in order to achieve peak performance, your body must by hydrated from the start of your workout session. This means that you have to make sure you are fully hydrated before you even begin to weight train.
How Much Water Should I Drink?
There are a few ways to determine how much water you should consume on a daily basis. None are completely accurate, however they do give you a general idea of how much water you need. Determining what your actual intake needs to be will involve some experimentation with your own body. As a general rule you are adequately hydrated if:
You are urinating every one and a half to two hour. your urine is clear and odorless.
If you are only urinating a few times a day and your urine is a dark yellow color, you are probably not drinking enough water and should increase your intake.
Here is a simple formula to estimate your daily water consumption. That formula is:
Body weight X 0.6 = Daily water intake (Ounces)
Here is an example of how that formula works, using a 180 pound man as an example:
180 LBS X 0.6 = 108 Ounces
So a 180 pound man that is weight trains at a high intensity three to four times a week should try to consume about eleven 8oz cups of water each day. That may sound like a lot, and although you might be taking more trips to the bathroom each day then you are used to, it's a small price to pay for the huge benefits of staying hydrated.
Putting it All Together
Maintaining adequate hydration levels is extremely important for a bodybuilder. Without enough water, you will lose strength, hinder digestion, and slow your metabolic process, which will ultimately sacrifice muscle gains. Be sure to drink plenty of water every day, throughout the entire day, and constantly monitor your hydration levels to ensure that your tank is constantly on full!
Pounds Grams Kilograms
Cubic cm. 0.002205 1 0.001
Cubic inch 0.036127 16.387064 0.0163871
Liter 2.204684 1000.028 1.000028
Gallon 8.345404 3785.4118 3.7854118
Cubic foot 62.42796 28316.847 28.316847
A more comprehensive version of these conversion tables is supplied in an Excel worksheet, UNITS.XLS.
2. At birth, water accounts for approximately 80 percent of an infant’s body weight.
3. A healthy person can drink about three gallons (48 cups) of water per day.
4. Drinking too much water too quickly can lead to water intoxication. Water intoxication occurs when water dilutes the sodium level in the bloodstream and causes an imbalance of water in the brain.
5. Water intoxication is most likely to occur during periods of intense athletic performance.
6. While the daily recommended amount of water is eight cups per day, not all of this water must be consumed in the liquid form. Nearly every food or drink item provides some water to the body.
7. Soft drinks, coffee, and tea, while made up almost entirely of water, also contain caffeine. Caffeine can act as a mild diuretic, preventing water from traveling to necessary locations in the body.
8. Pure water (solely hydrogen and oxygen atoms) has a neutral pH of 7, which is neither acidic nor basic.
9. Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Wherever it travels, water carries chemicals, minerals, and nutrients with it.
10. Somewhere between 70 and 75 percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
11. Much more fresh water is stored under the ground in aquifers than on the earth’s surface.
12. The earth is a closed system, similar to a terrarium, meaning that it rarely loses or gains extra matter. The same water that existed on the earth millions of years ago is still present today.
13. The total amount of water on the earth is about 326 million cubic miles of water.
14. Of all the water on the earth, humans can used only about three tenths of a percent of this water. Such usable water is found in groundwater aquifers, rivers, and freshwater lakes.
15. The United States uses about 346,000 million gallons of fresh water every day.
16. The United States uses nearly 80 percent of its water for irrigation and thermoelectric power.
17. The average person in the United States uses anywhere from 80-100 gallons of water per day. Flushing the toilet actually takes up the largest amount of this water.
18. Approximately 85 percent of U.S. residents receive their water from public water facilities. The remaining 15 percent supply their own water from private wells or other sources.
19. By the time a person feels thirsty, his or her body has lost over 1 percent of its total water amount.
20. The weight a person loses directly after intense physical activity is weight from water, not fat.
Next page >>
10 Reasons to Drink Water
1. Water is absolutely essential to the human body’s survival. A person can live for about a month without food, but only about a week without water.
2. Water helps to maintain healthy body weight by increasing metabolism and regulating appetite.
3. Water leads to increased energy levels. The most common cause of daytime fatigue is actually mild dehydration.
4. Drinking adequate amounts of water can decrease the risk of certain types of cancers, including colon cancer, bladder cancer, and breast cancer.
5. For a majority of sufferers, drinking water can significantly reduce joint and/or back pain.
6. Water leads to overall greater health by flushing out wastes and bacteria that can cause disease.
7. Water can prevent and alleviate headaches.
8. Water naturally moisturizes skin and ensures proper cellular formation underneath layers of skin to give it a healthy, glowing appearance.
9. Water aids in the digestion process and prevents constipation.
10. Water is the primary mode of transportation for all nutrients in the body and is essential for proper circulation.
Bottle water
It is hard to argue the fact that waste management has become a large problem in the world, with landfills growing to enormous sizes and recycling rates remaining dismally low. The number of plastic bottles produced by the bottled water industry and subsequently discarded by consumers has only exacerbated this problem.
According to a 2001 report of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), roughly 1.5 million tons of plastic are expended in the bottling of 89 billion liters of water each year.
Besides the sheer number of plastic bottles produced each year, the energy required to manufacture and transport these bottles to market severely drains limited fossil fuels. Bottled water companies, due to their unregulated use of valuable resources and their production of billions of plastic bottles have presented a significant strain on the environment.
The authors of the WWF report suggested that water bottles be washed and reused in order to lessen their negative impact on the environment. Unfortunately, reusing plastic bottles further compromises the quality of the water, due to the fact that more and more phthalate leaches its way into the water as the bottle gets older. In another suggestion, the authors recommended that bottled water companies use local bottling facilities in order to lessen fuel expenditures for transportation needs. Regrettably, local bottling further compromises water quality due to the reduced health standards for in-state bottled water production and consumption. It seems there is no feasible solution to this problem. The bottled water industry causes a severe strain on the environment, but solutions to this environmental damage significantly lessen the quality of water in the bottles.
Bottled water, because it is defined as a “food” under federal regulations, is under the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—under much stricter standards—regulates tap water. Thus, bottled water, depending upon the brand, may actually be less clean and safe than tap water. The EPA mandates that local water treatment plants provide city residents with a detailed account of tap water’s source and the results of any testing, including contaminant level violations. Bottled water companies are under no such directives.
Also, while municipal water systems must test for harmful microbiological content in water several times a day, bottled water companies are required to test for these microbes only once a week.
Similarly, public water systems are required to test for chemical water contaminants four times as often as bottled water companies. In addition, loopholes in the FDA’s testing policy do not require the same standards for water that is bottled and sold in the same state, meaning that a significant number of bottles have undergone almost no regulation or testing.
Even under the more lax standards of the FDA, bottled water companies do not always comply with standardized contaminant levels.
Alarmingly, the 1999 NRDC study found that 18 of the 103 bottled water brands tested contained, in at least one sample, “more bacteria than allowed under microbiological-purity guidelines.”
Also, about one fifth of the brands tested positive for the presence of synthetic chemicals, such as industrial chemicals and chemicals used in manufacturing plastic like phthalate, a harmful chemical that leaches into bottled water from its plastic container. In addition, bottled water companies are not required to test for cryptosporidium, the chlorine-resistant protozoan that infected more than 400,000 Milwaukee residents in 1993. Bottled water companies, because they are not under the same accountability standards as municipal water systems, may provide a significantly lower quality of water than the water one typically receives from the tap.
<<>>
________________________________________
According to WHO 10 fact to water scarcity
1.World Water Day is celebrated every year on 22 March. The theme for 2007 is ‘water scarcity’. Even in areas with plenty of rainfall or freshwater, water scarcity occurs. Because of the ways in which water is used and distributed, there is not always enough water to fully meet the demands of households, farms, industry, and the environment.
2.Water scarcity already affects every continent and four of every ten people in the world. The situation is getting worse due to population growth, urbanization and the increase in domestic and industrial water use.
3.By 2025, nearly 2 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water shortage, where water resources per person fall below the recommended level of 500 cubic metres per year. This is the amount of water a person needs for a healthy and hygienic living
4.Water scarcity forces people to rely on unsafe sources of drinking water. It also means they cannot bathe or clean their clothes or homes properly.
5.Poor water quality can increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases including cholera, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, other gastrointestinal viruses, and dysentery. Water scarcity may also lead to diseases such as trachoma, plague and typhus. Trachoma, for example, is strongly related to a lack of water for regular face washing.
6.Water scarcity encourages people to store water in their homes. This can increase the risk of household water contamination and provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes - which are vectors for dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and malaria and other diseases.
7. Water scarcity underscores the need for better water management. Good water management reduces breeding sites for disease vectors, which leads to reduced transmission of malaria, lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis
8.Millennium Development Goal number 7, target 10 aims "to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". The world is still on track to reach the drinking water target, but increasing water scarcity may seriously undermine progress towards achieving this goal.
9. Everyone needs water and everyone needs to take responsibility. Actively support governments, non-governmental organizations and private foundations which are making it a priority to deliver affordable good quality water to people.
10. Do your part by conserving, recycling and protecting water more efficiently.
Why Is Water So Important for a Bodybuilder?
From an early age, we all learn that we depend on water for our survival. We can go weeks without food, but no more than about 48 hours without water. And although most people trying to gain weight understand that water is essential to their general health, they don't realize how large of a role water plays when it comes to building muscle mass. Staying well hydrated every day is a crucial part of your muscle building program, that shouldn't be overlooked. Why you ask?
Dehydration will effect your strength, energy levels, and ability to build muscle - so get drinking!
As much as 70% of your body is comprised of water - including 83% of your blood, 22% of your bone, and a whopping 75% of your muscle tissue. If you are dehydrated, water levels in all of these parts of your body will decrease. Once this happens you can forget about building muscle as this will be your bodies last priority - that is if you even have the energy to lift weights!
Also consider that water is ranked second only to oxygen as the most important nutrient for the body, and studies have proven that even slight decreases in the body's water balance can seriously effect a persons health and performance. This means that even with dehydration levels as low as 3%, you are likely to have less energy, less strength, and your body will be less likely to perform the tasks required to help your muscles grow.
Simply put, water Promotes a Muscle Building Environment Within your Body! Here are some of the other roles adequate water intake plays in relation to building muscle:
• Maintaining peak strength - Significant hydration will actually make you stronger. Even slight dehydration (3-4%) can decrease your strength by upwards of 15%. In order to maximize the intensity of your weight training workouts and break down as many muscle fibers as you can, it is important to be at your strongest each and every workout.
• Protecting the joints - Synovial fluid is the only form"lubrication" of the joints in your body. And guess what? It is comprised of mostly water. It is important that you are well hydrated so your body can produce all of the fluid it needs. If the body cannot produce enough synovial fluid due to chronic dehydration, you could be compromising your joints each time you workout.
• Aiding in digestion - Eating a well balanced muscle building diet will not help if your body can't properly digest the food you consume. Water helps the digestive system function, allowing your body to absorb the nutrients it needs to help your body recover from your workouts, and build muscle.
Now let's take it a step further and take a look at three symptoms of dehydration that will affect the progress of your muscle building program.
Here are the symptoms in no particular order:
1). Fatigue - This one is a no brainer. If your energy levels are low, your weight training workouts will suffer. You may not even feel like training at all!
2). Digestion Problems - You body will not have enough water to secrete as much digestive juices as it should, resulting in difficulty digesting foods. This will make it more difficult for your body to absorb the nutrients it needs to repair and rebuild muscle tissue.
3) High or Low Blood Pressure - If the volume of water in the body is too low, it can lead to both high and low blood pressure. Both will make your weight training workouts difficult, and in some cases unsafe.
You probably get the point by now. Water is an extremely important part of your muscle building program. Make sure you drink as much as possible!!
The Water Requirements of The Bodybuilder
The water needs of the bodybuilder vary, and must be assessed on an individual basis. It is important to take a number of specific factors in to consideration when trying to estimate your daily water intake.
The actual amount of water you require depends the following factors:
• Climate - The hotter the climate, the more you will perspire. This one of the fastest ways the body loses water. During the summer months, and in areas that are hot all year round, a higher water intake is necessary.
• Your initial hydration level - If you currently suffer from chronic dehydration like many people do, you will have to drink much more water from the get go to help your body catch up to the hydration level it should be at.
• Your level of physical activity - The more physically active you are, the more water you need to consume daily - that's a given. It's important that you consume more water on your training days since you will perspire much more than on a non training day. If you participate in any other activities or sports, it is also important to up your water intake on those days as well.
Daily hydration guidelines are important for bodybuilders to follow. Studies have shown that in order to achieve peak performance, your body must by hydrated from the start of your workout session. This means that you have to make sure you are fully hydrated before you even begin to weight train.
How Much Water Should I Drink?
There are a few ways to determine how much water you should consume on a daily basis. None are completely accurate, however they do give you a general idea of how much water you need. Determining what your actual intake needs to be will involve some experimentation with your own body. As a general rule you are adequately hydrated if:
You are urinating every one and a half to two hour. your urine is clear and odorless.
If you are only urinating a few times a day and your urine is a dark yellow color, you are probably not drinking enough water and should increase your intake.
Here is a simple formula to estimate your daily water consumption. That formula is:
Body weight X 0.6 = Daily water intake (Ounces)
Here is an example of how that formula works, using a 180 pound man as an example:
180 LBS X 0.6 = 108 Ounces
So a 180 pound man that is weight trains at a high intensity three to four times a week should try to consume about eleven 8oz cups of water each day. That may sound like a lot, and although you might be taking more trips to the bathroom each day then you are used to, it's a small price to pay for the huge benefits of staying hydrated.
Putting it All Together
Maintaining adequate hydration levels is extremely important for a bodybuilder. Without enough water, you will lose strength, hinder digestion, and slow your metabolic process, which will ultimately sacrifice muscle gains. Be sure to drink plenty of water every day, throughout the entire day, and constantly monitor your hydration levels to ensure that your tank is constantly on full!
Pounds Grams Kilograms
Cubic cm. 0.002205 1 0.001
Cubic inch 0.036127 16.387064 0.0163871
Liter 2.204684 1000.028 1.000028
Gallon 8.345404 3785.4118 3.7854118
Cubic foot 62.42796 28316.847 28.316847
A more comprehensive version of these conversion tables is supplied in an Excel worksheet, UNITS.XLS.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
